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A colorant is any substance that changes the spectral transmittance or reflectance of a material. Synthetic colorants are those created in a laboratory or industrial setting. The production and improvement of colorants was a driver of the early synthetic chemical industry, in fact many of today's largest chemical producers started as dye-works in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, including Bayer AG(1863). Synthetics are extremely attractive for industrial and aesthetic purposes as they have they often achieve higher intensity and color fastness than comparable natural pigments and dyes used since ancient times. Market viable large scale production of dyes occurred nearly simultaneously in the early major producing countries Britain (1857), France (1858), Germany (1858), and Switzerland (1859), and expansion of associated chemical industries followed. The mid-nineteenth century through WWII saw an incredible expansion of the variety and scale of manufacture of synthetic colorants. Synthetic colorants quickly became ubiquitous in everyday life, from clothing to food. This stems from the invention of industrial research and development laboratories in the 1870s, and the new awareness of empirical chemical formulas as targets for synthesis by academic chemists. The dye industry became one of the first instances where directed scientific research lead to new products, and the first where this occurred regularly.
References
- ↑ Center for Oral History. "David R. Bryant". Science History Institute .
- ↑ Traynham, James G. (8 April 1998). David R. Bryant, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by James G. Traynham in South Charleston, West Virginia on 8 April 1998 (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
- ↑ "The 1977 Kirkpatrick Chemical Engineering Achievement Award" (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 1978. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ↑ "Chemical Pioneers". American Institute of Chemists. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ↑ "ACS Award in Industrial Chemistry". American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ↑ "Delaware Section - Carothers". Webs . American Chemical Society . Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ↑ "Past Perkin Medallists". SCI America. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ↑ "Patent Database Search Results: Bryant, David". United States Patent Office . Retrieved 23 May 2010.
