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Proposition 209 is a California ballot proposition which,upon approval in November 1996,amended the state constitution to prohibit state governmental institutions from considering race,sex,or ethnicity,specifically in the areas of public employment,public contracting,and public education. Modeled on the Civil Rights Act of 1964,the California Civil Rights Initiative was authored by two California academics,Glynn Custred and Tom Wood. It was the first electoral test of affirmative action policies in North America. It passed with 55% in favor to 45% opposed,thereby banning affirmative action in the state's public sector.
Same-sex marriage has been legal in California since June 28,2013. The State of California first issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples from June 16,2008 to November 5,2008,a period of approximately 4 months,2 weeks and 6 days,as a result of the Supreme Court of California finding in the case of In re Marriage Cases that barring same-sex couples from marriage violated the Constitution of California. The issuance of such licenses was halted from November 5,2008 through June 27,2013 due to the passage of Proposition 8—a state constitutional amendment barring same-sex marriages. The granting of same-sex marriages recommenced following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry,which restored the effect of a federal district court ruling that overturned Proposition 8 as unconstitutional.
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New York Proposal 1 was a 2024 ballot proposal for a legislatively referred constitutional amendment to the New York Constitution called the Amendment to Protect Against Unequal Treatment,and informally known as the Equal Rights Amendment. It includes several rights in the New York State Constitution's Equal Protection Clause,with its chief purpose to preserve the right to abortion. It also adds a prohibition of discrimination on attributes such ethnicity,gender identity,disability,or reproductive autonomy.
South Dakota Amendment G was a proposed constitutional amendment that appeared on the ballot on November 5,2024. If passed,the amendment would have established a right to abortion in the Constitution of South Dakota up until approximately the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy. The amendment failed to pass,making it the second referendum about abortion since Dobbs to come out as anti-abortion and preserve the state's ban.
Arizona Proposition 139 is a constitutional amendment that was approved by voters on November 5,2024,establishing a right to abortion in the Constitution of Arizona up until fetal viability.
2024 Missouri Constitutional Amendment 3,also known as the Right to Reproductive Freedom Initiative,was a constitutional amendment that appeared on the ballot on November 5,2024. The initiative amended the Constitution of Missouri to legalize abortion in Missouri until fetal viability. The amendment narrowly passed.
Initiative 128 was a ballot initiative that appeared on the ballot on November 5,2024,to establish in the Constitution of Montana a right to abortion up to fetal viability. The initiative was approved by 58 percent of voters.
References
- ↑ "David F. Viviano – MICHIGAN SUPREME COURT HISTORICAL SOCIETY".
- ↑ 2013-2014 Michigan Manual: Justice David F. Viviano
- ↑ "Gov. Rick Snyder appoints Judge David Viviano to Michigan Supreme Court". mLIVE Michigan. Feb 27, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
- 1 2 The Logic Behind Dobbs Was Always Crap, and Michigan Is a Case in Point. "Leave it to the states," they said, disingenuously, Esquire Magazine , Charles P. Pierce, September 9, 2022, Retrieved September 11, 2022.
- ↑ Veronica Stracqualursi (8 September 2022). "Michigan Supreme Court orders abortion rights initiative to appear on November ballot". CNN. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
- ↑ "Michigan Supreme Court approves proposal to put abortion rights petition on November ballot". WXYZ. 2022-09-08. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
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