A DNA sequencer is a scientific instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process. Given a sample of DNA,a DNA sequencer is used to determine the order of the four bases:G (guanine),C (cytosine),A (adenine) and T (thymine). This is then reported as a text string,called a read. Some DNA sequencers can be also considered optical instruments as they analyze light signals originating from fluorochromes attached to nucleotides.
A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane. Many transmembrane proteins function as gateways to permit the transport of specific substances across the membrane. They frequently undergo significant conformational changes to move a substance through the membrane. They are usually highly hydrophobic and aggregate and precipitate in water. They require detergents or nonpolar solvents for extraction,although some of them (beta-barrels) can be also extracted using denaturing agents.
A nanopore is a pore of nanometer size. It may,for example,be created by a pore-forming protein or as a hole in synthetic materials such as silicon or graphene.
Nanopore sequencing is a third generation approach used in the sequencing of biopolymers —specifically,polynucleotides in the form of DNA or RNA.
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence –the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine,and thymine. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery.
In the mitochondrion,the matrix is the space within the inner membrane. The word "matrix" stems from the fact that this space is viscous,compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm. The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA,ribosomes,soluble enzymes,small organic molecules,nucleotide cofactors,and inorganic ions.[1] The enzymes in the matrix facilitate reactions responsible for the production of ATP,such as the citric acid cycle,oxidative phosphorylation,oxidation of pyruvate,and the beta oxidation of fatty acids.
Gramicidin,also called gramicidin D,is a mix of ionophoric antibiotics,gramicidin A,B and C,which make up about 80%,5%,and 15% of the mix,respectively. Each has 2 isoforms,so the mix has 6 different types of gramicidin molecules. They can be extracted from Brevibacillus brevis soil bacteria. Gramicidins are linear peptides with 15 amino acids. This is in contrast to unrelated gramicidin S,which is a cyclic peptide.
Alpha-toxin,also known as alpha-hemolysin (Hla),is the major cytotoxic agent released by bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the first identified member of the pore forming beta-barrel toxin family. This toxin consists mostly of beta-sheets (68%) with only about 10% alpha-helices. The hly gene on the S. aureus chromosome encodes the 293 residue protein monomer,which forms heptameric units on the cellular membrane to form a complete beta-barrel pore. This structure allows the toxin to perform its major function,development of pores in the cellular membrane,eventually causing cell death.
The ATP5MC1 gene is one of three human paralogs that encode membrane subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase.
John Hagan Pryce Bayley FRS FLSW is a British scientist,who holds the position of Professor of Chemical Biology at the University of Oxford.
DNA nanotechnology is the design and manufacture of artificial nucleic acid structures for technological uses. In this field,nucleic acids are used as non-biological engineering materials for nanotechnology rather than as the carriers of genetic information in living cells. Researchers in the field have created static structures such as two- and three-dimensional crystal lattices,nanotubes,polyhedra,and arbitrary shapes,and functional devices such as molecular machines and DNA computers. The field is beginning to be used as a tool to solve basic science problems in structural biology and biophysics,including applications in X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins to determine structures. Potential applications in molecular scale electronics and nanomedicine are also being investigated.
Synthetic ion channels are de novo chemical compounds that insert into lipid bilayers,form pores,and allow ions to flow from one side to the other. They are man-made analogues of natural ion channels,and are thus also known as artificial ion channels. Compared to biological channels,they usually allow fluxes of similar magnitude but are
- minuscule in size,
- diverse in molecular architecture,and
- may rely on diverse supramolecular interactions to pre-form the active,conducting structures.
A two-state trajectory is a dynamical signal that fluctuates between two distinct values:ON and OFF,open and closed,,etc. Mathematically,the signal has,for every either the value or .
Magnetic sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing method in development. A DNA hairpin,containing the sequence of interest,is bound between a magnetic bead and a glass surface. A magnetic field is applied to stretch the hairpin open into single strands,and the hairpin refolds after decreasing of the magnetic field. The hairpin length can be determined by direct imaging of the diffraction rings of the magnetic beads using a simple microscope. The DNA sequences are determined by measuring the changes in the hairpin length following successful hybridization of complementary nucleotides.
Oxford Nanopore Technologies plc is a UK-based company which develops and sells nanopore sequencing products for the direct,electronic analysis of single molecules.
Oleg Vladimirovich Krasilnikov was a Soviet-born biophysicist who lived and worked in Uzbekistan and Brazil. His father,Vladimir Sergeyevich Krasilnikov,was a mining engineer who worked in the coal mines of Kyrgyzstan. His mother,Ekatherine Yakovlevna Krasilnikova,was an economist.
Third-generation sequencing is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development.
Cynthia J. Burrows is an American chemist,currently a distinguished professor in the department of chemistry at the University of Utah,where she is also the Thatcher Presidential Endowed Chair of Biological Chemistry. Burrows was the Senior Editor of the Journal of Organic Chemistry (2001-2013) and became Editor-in-Chief of Accounts of Chemical Research in 2014.,,
Aleksandra Radenovic is a Swiss and Croatian biophysicist. Her research focuses on the development of experimental tools to study single-molecule biophysics. She is a professor of biological engineering at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and head of the Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology.
Jens Horst Gundlach is a German physicist.
