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A cognitive shift or shift in cognitive focus is triggered by the brain's response and change due to some external force.
Bilingualism,a subset of multilingualism,means having proficiency in two or more languages. A bilingual individual is traditionally defined as someone who understands and produces two or more languages on a regular basis. A bilingual individual's initial exposure to both languages may start in early childhood,e.g. before age 3,but exposure may also begin later in life,in monolingual or bilingual education. Equal proficiency in a bilingual individuals' languages is rarely seen as it typically varies by domain. For example,a bilingual individual may have greater proficiency for work-related terms in one language,and family-related terms in another language.
The lexical decision task (LDT) is a procedure used in many psychology and psycholinguistics experiments. The basic procedure involves measuring how quickly people classify stimuli as words or nonwords.
Ellen Bialystok,OC,FRSC is a Canadian psychologist and professor. She carries the rank of Distinguished Research Professor at York University,in Toronto,where she is director of the Lifespan Cognition and Development Lab,and is also an associate scientist at the Rotman Research Institute of the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care.
Tip of the tongue is the phenomenon of failing to retrieve a word or term from memory,combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent. The phenomenon's name comes from the saying,"It's on the tip of my tongue." The tip of the tongue phenomenon reveals that lexical access occurs in stages.
Semantic satiation is a psychological phenomenon in which repetition causes a word or phrase to temporarily lose meaning for the listener,who then perceives the speech as repeated meaningless sounds. Extended inspection or analysis in place of repetition also produces the same effect.
Language production is the production of spoken or written language. In psycholinguistics,it describes all of the stages between having a concept to express and translating that concept into linguistic forms. These stages have been described in two types of processing models:the lexical access models and the serial models. Through these models,psycholinguists can look into how speeches are produced in different ways,such as when the speaker is bilingual. Psycholinguists learn more about these models and different kinds of speech by using language production research methods that include collecting speech errors and elicited production tasks.
Judith F. Kroll is a Distinguished Professor of Language Science at University of California,Irvine. She specializes in psycholinguistics,focusing on second language acquisition and bilingual language processing. With Randi Martin and Suparna Rajaram,Kroll co-founded the organization Women in Cognitive Science in 2001. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS),the American Psychological Association (APA),the Psychonomic Society,the Society of Experimental Psychologists,and the Association for Psychological Science (APS).
Sara J. Shettleworth is an American-born,Canadian experimental psychologist and zoologist. Her research focuses on animal cognition. She is professor emerita of psychology and ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Toronto.
Priming is the idea that exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus,without conscious guidance or intention. The priming effect refers to the positive or negative effect of a rapidly presented stimulus on the processing of a second stimulus that appears shortly after. Generally speaking,the generation of priming effect depends on the existence of some positive or negative relationship between priming and target stimuli. For example,the word nurse might be recognized more quickly following the word doctor than following the word bread. Priming can be perceptual,associative,repetitive,positive,negative,affective,semantic,or conceptual. Priming effects involve word recognition,semantic processing,attention,unconscious processing,and many other issues,and are related to differences in various writing systems. Research,however,has yet to firmly establish the duration of priming effects,yet their onset can be almost instantaneous.
Nelson Cowan is the Curators' Distinguished Professor of Psychological Sciences at the University of Missouri. He specializes in working memory,the small amount of information held in mind and used for language processing and various kinds of problem solving. To overcome conceptual difficulties that arise for models of information processing in which different functions occur in separate boxes,Cowan proposed a more organically organized "embedded processes" model. Within it,representations held in working memory comprise an activated subset of the representations held in long-term memory,with a smaller subset held in a more integrated form in the current focus of attention. Other work has been on the developmental growth of working memory capacity and the scientific method. His work,funded by the National Institutes of Health since 1984,has been cited over 41,000 times according to Google Scholar. The work has resulted in over 250 peer-reviewed articles,over 60 book chapters,2 sole-authored books,and 4 edited volumes.
Philip Holzman (1922–2004) was the Esther and Sidney R. Rabb Professor of Psychology Emeritus at Harvard University and one of the world’s preeminent scientists in schizophrenia research. His landmark studies of oculomotor function documented the presence of abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements in individuals with schizophrenia and their clinically unaffected biological relatives. He was one of the first to investigate the genetic basis of schizophrenia. Another key contribution to the study of schizophrenia was his work on language and thought disorder in individuals with schizophrenia. He also discovered the presence of an active short-term memory deficit in people with schizophrenia and their biological relatives.
Dichotic listening is a psychological test commonly used to investigate selective attention and the lateralization of brain function within the auditory system. It is used within the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
Embodied cognition is the theory that many features of cognition,whether human or otherwise,are shaped by aspects of an organism's entire body. Sensory and motor systems are seen as fundamentally integrated with cognitive processing. The cognitive features include high-level mental constructs and performance on various cognitive tasks. The bodily aspects involve the motor system,the perceptual system,the bodily interactions with the environment (situatedness),and the assumptions about the world built into the organism's functional structure.
The mental lexicon is defined as a mental dictionary that contains information regarding the word store of a language user,such as their meanings,pronunciations,and syntactic characteristics. The mental lexicon is used in linguistics and psycholinguistics to refer to individual speakers' lexical,or word,representations. However,there is some disagreement as to the utility of the mental lexicon as a scientific construct.
Bilingualism is the regular use of two fluent languages,and bilinguals are those individuals who need and use two languages in their everyday lives. A person's bilingual memories are heavily dependent on the person's fluency,the age the second language was acquired,and high language proficiency to both languages. High proficiency provides mental flexibility across all domains of thought and forces them to adopt strategies that accelerate cognitive development. People who are bilingual integrate and organize the information of two languages,which creates advantages in terms of many cognitive abilities,such as intelligence,creativity,analogical reasoning,classification skills,problem solving,learning strategies,and thinking flexibility.
Viorica Marian is a Moldovan-born American Psycholinguist,Cognitive Scientist,and Psychologist known for her research on bilingualism and multilingualism. She is the Ralph and Jean Sundin Endowed Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders,and Professor of Psychology at Northwestern University. Marian is the Principal Investigator of the Bilingualism and Psycholinguistics Research Group. She received her PhD in Psychology from Cornell University,and master's degrees from Emory University and from Cornell University. Marian studies language,cognition,the brain,and the consequences of knowing more than one language for linguistic,cognitive,and neural architectures.
Bilingual lexical access is an area of psycholinguistics that studies the activation or retrieval process of the mental lexicon for bilingual people.
The word frequency effect is a psychological phenomenon where recognition times are faster for words seen more frequently than for words seen less frequently. Word frequency depends on individual awareness of the tested language. The phenomenon can be extended to different characters of the word in non-alphabetic languages such as Chinese.
Gary S. Dell is an American psycholinguist. He is Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Center for Advanced Study Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
References
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- ↑ "Debra Titone". Department of Psychology. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ↑ "People | Women in Cognitive Science". womenincogsci.org. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
- ↑ Titone, Debra; Tiv, Mehrgol; Pexman, Penny M. (2018). "The status of women cognitive scientists in Canada: Insights from publicly available NSERC funding data". Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. 72 (2): 81–90. doi:10.1037/cep0000150. ISSN 1878-7290. PMID 29902029. S2CID 49213057.
- ↑ "Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour & Cognitive Science: Fellows". www.csbbcs.org. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ↑ "Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour & Cognitive Science: Dr. Debra Titone". www.csbbcs.org. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ↑ "SWAP Section: Past Awards – Canadian Psychological Association". 17 January 2018. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ↑ "Debra Titone, Ph.D., Lab Director". Language & Multilingualism Lab. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- 1 2 3 "LinguisTree - Debra Titone Family Tree". academictree.org. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
- ↑ Titone, Debra A.; Connine, Cynthia M. (1999-11-02). "On the compositional and noncompositional nature of idiomatic expressions". Journal of Pragmatics. Literal and Figurative Language. 31 (12): 1655–1674. doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00008-9. ISSN 0378-2166.
- ↑ Titone, Debra A.; Connine, Cynthia M. (1994). "Comprehension of idiomatic expressions: Effects of predictability and literality". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 20 (5): 1126–1138. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1126. ISSN 1939-1285. PMID 7931098.
- ↑ Titone, Debra; Wingfield, Arthur; Caplan, David; Waters, Gloria; Prentice, Kristen (2001). "Memory and Encoding of Spoken Discourse Following Right Hemisphere Damage: Evidence from the Auditory Moving Window (AMW) Technique". Brain and Language. 77 (1): 10–24. doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2419. PMID 11247653. S2CID 30472898.
- ↑ Titone, Debra; Prentice, Kristen J.; Wingfield, Arthur (2000). "Resource allocation during spoken discourse processing: Effects of age and passage difficulty as revealed by self-paced listening". Memory & Cognition. 28 (6): 1029–1040. doi: 10.3758/BF03209351 . ISSN 0090-502X. PMID 11105529.
- ↑ Titone, Debra; Levy, Deborah L.; Holzman, Philip S. (2000). "Contextual insensitivity in schizophrenic language processing: Evidence from lexical ambiguity". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 109 (4): 761–767. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.761. ISSN 1939-1846. PMID 11196002.
- ↑ Titone, Debra; Holzman, Philip S.; Levy, Deborah L. (2002). "Idiom processing in schizophrenia: Literal implausibility saves the day for idiom priming". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 111 (2): 313–320. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.313. ISSN 1939-1846. PMID 12003452.
- ↑ Titone, Debra; Ditman, Tali; Holzman, Philip S; Eichenbaum, Howard; Levy, Deborah L (2004-06-01). "Transitive inference in schizophrenia: impairments in relational memory organization". Schizophrenia Research. 68 (2): 235–247. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00152-X. ISSN 0920-9964. PMID 15099606. S2CID 14016594.
- 1 2 "Debra Titone". CRBLM. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ↑ "Debra Titone, PhD – Brams". brams.org. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
- ↑ "Funding Sources". Language & Multilingualism Lab. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
- ↑ Gullifer, Jason W.; Titone, Debra (2020). "Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy" (PDF). Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 23 (2): 283–294. doi:10.1017/S1366728919000026. ISSN 1366-7289. S2CID 150591937.
- ↑ Baum, Shari; Titone, Debra (2014). "Moving toward a neuroplasticity view of bilingualism, executive control, and aging". Applied Psycholinguistics. 35 (5): 857–894. doi:10.1017/S0142716414000174. ISSN 0142-7164. S2CID 146314651.
