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The Government of Japan has undertaken multiple initiatives to enhance its security policy. These efforts include the establishment of the National Security Council (NSC), the adoption of the National Security Strategy (NSS), and the formulation National Defense Program Guidelines (NDPG).
These efforts were predicated on the belief that Japan needs to contribute more actively to the peace and stability of Asia and the international community while coordinating with other allied nations.
On December 4, 2013, the National Security Council was established to serve as a forum for discussion on national security issues. Chaired by Japan's Prime Minister, the NSC facilitates high-level consultations on critical matters affecting Japan's security.
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On December 17, 2013, National Security Strategy was adopted through a Cabinet decision. The NSS outlines the fundamental direction of Japan’s diplomatic and defence policies concerning national security. It emphasizes the principle of "Proactive Contribution to Peace" and seeks to enhance understanding of Japan’s national security objectives. [1]
On April 1 2024, 16 civilian airports and seaports were designated for use by the Self-Defence Forces (SDF) and Japan Coast Guard, with part of the national budget reserved for improving the peacetime use of these facilities. [2] These changes aim to bolster military readiness in response to global developments such as Russia's invasion of Ukraine and potential contingencies involving Taiwan. [3]
In 1976, Prime Minister Miki Takeo announced defense spending should not exceed 1% of Japan's gross domestic product (GDP), [4] a ceiling that was observed until 1986. [5]
As of 2005, Japan's military budget was maintained at about 3% of the national budget. About half of the military budget is spent on personnel costs, while the rest is reserved for weapons programs, maintenance, and operating costs. [6] As of 2023, Japan has the tenth largest defense budget in the world. [7] The defense budget for the fiscal year of 2025 is ¥8.705 trillion, an increase of 9.7% from the previous year. [8]
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia are the military forces organized for the defense of the Republic of Croatia and its allies by military means and for other forms of use and use in accordance with the domestic and international law. The Croatian Armed Forces protect the sovereignty and independence of the Republic of Croatia and defend its territorial integrity.
The Army of the Republic of North Macedonia is the military of North Macedonia. The army is organized, prepared and trained to conduct armed struggle and combat and other actions to achieve its constitutional function of defending the independence and territorial integrity of North Macedonia. The army consists of the ground forces and the air force, which are further divided into branches and services. The army has a permanent composition and reserve forces. Since 2005, it is a fully professional defense force compatible with NATO standards. On 27 March 2020, North Macedonia joined NATO as the 30th member.
National security, or national defence, is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government. Originally conceived as protection against military attack, national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, such as the security from terrorism, minimization of crime, economic security, energy security, environmental security, food security, and cyber-security. Similarly, national security risks include, in addition to the actions of other states, action by violent non-state actors, by narcotic cartels, organized crime, by multinational corporations, and also the effects of natural disasters.
United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, better known as NSC 68, was a 66-page top secret U.S. National Security Council (NSC) policy paper drafted by the Department of State and Department of Defense and presented to President Harry S. Truman on 7 April 1950. It was one of the most important American policy statements of the Cold War. In the words of scholar Ernest R. May, NSC 68 "provided the blueprint for the militarization of the Cold War from 1950 to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s." NSC 68 and its subsequent amplifications advocated a large expansion in the military budget of the United States, the development of a hydrogen bomb, and increased military aid to allies of the United States. It made the rollback of global Communist expansion a high priority and rejected the alternative policies of détente and containment of the Soviet Union.
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The military budget of Japan is the portion of the overall budget of Japan that is allocated for the funding of the Japanese Self-Defence Forces. This military budget finances employee salaries and training costs, the maintenance of equipment and facilities, support of new or ongoing operations, and the development and procurement of new weapons, equipment, and vehicles.
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Military policy is public policy dealing with multinational security and the military. It comprises the measures and initiatives that governments do or do not take in relation to decision-making and strategic goals, such as when and how to commit national armed forces.
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The Malaysian National Security Council (NSC) (Malay: Majlis Keselamatan Negara Malaysia (MKN), Jawi: مجليس کسلامتن نݢارا مليسيا) is a federal agency under the Prime Minister's Department. NSC is the agency responsible for coordinating Malaysia's national security policies and responses. It oversees public order, defense, and essential services at all levels of government. The NSC adapts to emerging threats and issues directives to guide the country's security efforts.
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, also called the Polish Armed Forces and popularly called Wojsko Polskie in Poland, are the national armed forces of the Republic of Poland. The name has been used since the early 19th century, but can also be applied to earlier periods.
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Nadia Catherine Schadlow is an American academic and defense-related government officer who briefly served in 2018 as Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy in the first Trump Administration. She is the primary author of the 2017 National Security Strategy (NSS).