Gluten is a structural protein naturally found in certain cereal grains. The term "gluten" usually refers to the combination of prolamin and glutelin proteins that naturally occurs in many cereal grains and that can trigger celiac disease. The types of grains that contain gluten include all species of wheat, as well as barley, rye, and some cultivars of oat. Cross hybrids of any of these grains also contain gluten. Gluten makes up 75–85% of the total protein in bread wheat.
Coeliac disease or celiac disease is a long-term autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the small intestine, where individuals develop intolerance to gluten, present in foods such as wheat, rye and barley. Classic symptoms include gastrointestinal problems such as chronic diarrhoea, abdominal distention, malabsorption, loss of appetite, and among children failure to grow normally. This often begins between six months and two years of age. Non-classic symptoms are more common, especially in people older than two years. There may be mild or absent gastrointestinal symptoms, a wide number of symptoms involving any part of the body, or no obvious symptoms. Coeliac disease was first described in childhood; however, it may develop at any age. It is associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as Type 1 diabetes mellitus and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, among others.
Helicobacter is a genus of gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helical shape. They were initially considered to be members of the genus Campylobacter, but in 1989, Goodwin et al. published sufficient reasons to justify the new genus name Helicobacter. The genus Helicobacter contains about 35 species.
Gluten-related disorders is the term for the diseases triggered by gluten, including celiac disease (CD), non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and wheat allergy. The umbrella category has also been referred to as gluten intolerance, though a multi-disciplinary physician-led study, based in part on the 2011 International Coeliac Disease Symposium, concluded that the use of this term should be avoided due to a lack of specificity.
Interleukin 18 receptor accessory protein, also known as IL18RAP and CDw218b, is a human gene.
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL), previously termed enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, type I and at one time termed enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma (ETTL), is a complication of coeliac disease in which a malignant T-cell lymphoma develops in areas of the small intestine affected by the disease's intense inflammation. While a relatively rare disease, it is the most common type of primary gastrointestinal T-cell lymphoma.
C-type lectin domain family 16, also known as CLEC16A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC16A gene.
HMG box transcription factor BBX also known as bobby sox homolog or HMG box-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BBX gene.
Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier also known as solute carrier family 25 member 21 (SLC25A21) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A21 gene.
The gluten challenge test is a medical test in which gluten-containing foods are consumed and (re-)occurrence of symptoms is observed afterwards to determine whether and how much a person reacts to these foods. The test may be performed in people with suspected gluten-related disorders in very specific occasions and under medical supervision, for example in people who had started a gluten-free diet without performing duodenal biopsy.
T-cell activation RhoGTPase activating protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAGAP gene.
AUTS2, activator of transcription and developmental regulator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AUTS2 gene.
ABI family member 3 binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABI3BP gene.
Tetraspanin 18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSPAN18 gene.
Vestigial like family member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VGLL4 gene.
ATP/GTP binding protein like 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AGBL4 gene.
HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HACE1 gene.
Integrin subunit beta like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGBL1 gene.
LYR motif containing 7, also known as Complex III assembly factor LYRM7 or LYR motif-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LYRM7 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial matrix protein that stabilizes UQCRFS1 and chaperones it to the CIII complex. Defects in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 8. Three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene.
ST6 beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ST6GAL2 gene.
