Deuteropoda

Deuteropoda
Life restoration of Kylinxia zhangi , a basal deuteropod
Life restoration of Surusicaris , a likely basal deuteropod
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
(unranked):	Deuteropoda Ortega-Hernández 2016 [1]
Subphyla and classes
† Erratus † Cucumericrus ? [2] † Kylinxia † Fengzhengia † Kiisortoqia † Bushizheia †Megacheira †Isoxyida †Artiopoda †Fuxianhuiida Chelicerata Mandibulata

Deuteropoda is a proposed clade of arthropods whose members are distinguished from more basal stem-group arthropods like radiodonts by an anatomical reorganization of the head region, namely the appearance of a differentiated first appendage pair (the 'deutocerebral' pair), a multisegmented head, a hypostome/labrum complex, and by bearing pairs of segmented biramous (two branched) limbs. ^[1]

The clade contains all living arthropods (i.e. chelicerates and mandibulates) as well as several fossil groups that share these characteristics (e.g. Fuxianhuiida, Megacheira, Isoxyida, and Artiopoda), while excluding other fossil groups that are more 'basal' or 'primitive' (e.g. radiodonts, opabiniids and lobopodians). ^{[1] [3]} Members of Deuteropoda that are basal to the last common ancestor of chelicerates and mandibulates (and thus lie outside the crown group of Arthropoda) are often referred to as "upper stem group arthropods". ^[1]

Defining characteristics

Members of Deuteropoda are characterized by the presence of a differentiated labrum and a differentiated first 'deutocerebral' pair of appendages. ^[1] In contrast, lobopodians (part of the "lower stem group") and onychophorans have a pair of pre-ocular or 'protocerebral' appendages, which presumably have evolved to be the labrum of modern living arthropods. ^[3]

Phylogeny

The cladogram below is a possible panarthropod phylogeny, taking into account the differentiation between "lower stem group arthropods" and "upper stem group arthropods", based on cladograms found in Zeng et al. 2020 and O'Flynn at al. 2022. ^{[4] [5]} (living groups are marked in bold). Not all parts of this cladogram are widely accepted, as some studies have found Isoxyida, Megacheira, Fuxianhuiida, and/or Artiopoda to lie outside of crown group Arthropoda, ^{[6] [7]} while some other studies have found a closer relationship to Chelicerata than to Mandibulata for Artiopoda. ^[7]

Panarthropoda	Onychophora Tardigrada "Lobopodia" † Arthropoda Siberion † Megadictyon † Jianshanopodia † Kerygmachela † Pambdelurion † Opabinia † Radiodonta † Deuteropoda Kylinxia † Fengzhengia † Chelicerata Megacheira † 'great appendage' bivalved forms †  Isoxyida † Antennulata Artiopoda † Fuxianhuiida † Mandibulata total‑group	"lower stem group" "upper stem group" + crown group

References

1. Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2016), "Making sense of 'lower' and 'upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848", Biol. Rev., 91 (1): 255–273, doi:10.1111/brv.12168, PMID   25528950, S2CID   7751936
2. McCall, Christian (13 December 2023). "A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada". Journal of Paleontology. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.63 . Retrieved 13 December 2023.
3. Budd, Graham E. (2021). "The origin and evolution of the euarthropod labrum". Arthropod Structure & Development. 62: 101048. doi: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101048 . ISSN   1467-8039. PMID   33862532.
4. Zeng, Han; Zhao, Fangchen; Niu, Kecheng; Zhu, Maoyan; Huang, Diying (November 2020), "An early Cambrian euarthropod with radiodont-like raptorial appendages", Nature, 588 (7836): 101–105, Bibcode:2020Natur.588..101Z, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2883-7, PMID   33149303, S2CID   226248177
5. O’Flynn, Robert; Williams, Mark; Yu, Mengxiao; Harvey, Thomas; Liu, Yu (2022), "A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota", Palaeontologia Electronica, 25 (1): a6, doi: 10.26879/1167 , S2CID   246779634
6. Zhang, Caixia; Liu, Yu; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Wolfe, Joanna M.; Jin, Changfei; Mai, Huijuan; Hou, Xianguang; Guo, Jin; Zhai, Dayou (2023-04-26). "Three-dimensional morphology of the biramous appendages in Isoxys from the early Cambrian of South China, and its implications for early euarthropod evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (1997). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0335. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   10113025 . PMID   37072042.
7. Aria, Cédric (October 2022). "The origin and early evolution of arthropods". Biological Reviews. 97 (5): 1786–1809. doi:10.1111/brv.12864. ISSN   1464-7931. PMID   35475316. S2CID   243269510.