Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score

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Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) is a protein quality method proposed in March 2013 by the Food and Agriculture Organization to replace the current protein ranking standard, the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS).

Contents

The DIAAS accounts for amino acid digestibility at the end of the small intestine, providing a more accurate measure of the amounts of amino acids absorbed by the body and the protein's contribution to human amino acid and nitrogen requirements. This is in contrast to the PDCAAS, which is based on an estimate of digestibility over the total digestive tract. Values stated using this method generally overestimate the amount of amino acids absorbed. [1]

Reference pattern

Amino acid requirements were determined in two parts. The amino acid distribution of breast milk was used for the 0 to 6 month age range, and existing amino acid data was used for older ages after adjustment for digestibility. The reference amino acid requirements are presented below. [2] : 29 

Requirements by age (mg/g protein)
Amino acid0 to 6 months6 months to 3 yearsOver 3 years
Histidine 212016
Isoleucine 553230
Leucine 966661
Lysine 695748
Methionine + Cysteine (SAA)332723
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine (AAA)945241
Threonine 443125
Tryptophan 178.56.6
Valine 554340

Example values

The table shows the ratings of selected foods comparing PDCAAS to DIAAS. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] The quality of various sources of protein depends on how it is processed, refined, stored, or cooked. [12] [15] [16] (preparation is unspecified for some values in the table, but does not necessarily differ in preparation from the foods where preparation is specified). A major difference between DIAAS and PDCAAS, is that PDCAAS is truncated at 100%, while DIAAS is not. Multiple protein sources can also be combined to increase DIAAS, which can be effective at raising the max DIAAS of plant-based diets. [13]

FoodPDCAASDIAAS for 0.5-3 yo [13] Limiting AA
Milk Protein Concentrate [3] [4] 1.001.18Met + Cys
Whey Protein Isolate [3] [4] 1.001.09Val
Soy Protein Isolate [3] [4] 0.980.898Met + Cys
Pea Protein Concentrate [3] [4] 0.8930.822Met + Cys
Rice Protein Concentrate [3] [4] 0.4190.371Lys
Whole milk powder [5] 1.0001.159
Tilapia [17] 1.00
Tuna (canned in oil) [16] 1.00
Chicken breast [3] 1.001.08Trp
Pork [13] 1.17
Beef [5] 1.0001.116
Whole milk [3] 1.001.14Met + Cys
Egg (hard boiled) [3] 1.001.13His
Egg [13] 1.01
Chickpeas [3] 0.740.83Met + Cys
Tofu [3] 0.700.97Met + Cys
Peas [5] 0.7820.647
Cooked peas [3] [4] 0.5970.579Met + Cys
Soybean [5] 1.0000.996
Soy [13] 0.91Met + Cys
Soya Flour [14] 1.001.05
Fava Bean [13] 0.55Met + Cys
Cooked kidney beans [4] 0.6480.588
Roasted peanuts [4] 0.5090.434
Almonds [3] 0.390.40Lys
Wheat [5] [13] 0.4630.40-0.48
Wheat flour [16] 0.40
Wheat bran [5] [4] 0.53-0.600.41-0.49
Barley [5] 0.5910.472
Rye [5] 0.5530.476
Triticale [5] 0.5530.498
Corn [13] [16] 0.370.36Met + Cys
Corn Grain [5] 0.4730.424
Corn-based cereal [3] [4] 0.0780.012Lys
Rice [13] 0.47Lys
Cooked rice [3] [4] 0.6160.595Lys
Oats [13] 0.57Lys
Cooked rolled oats [4] 0.6700.542
Potato [13] 0.991.00
Quinoa [11] 0.677
Quinoa flour [16] 0.79
Gelatin [13] 0.02Trp
Wheat/potato (30/70) [13] 1.00
Vegetables [18] 0.73-0.89
Tubercles [18] 0.74-0.89
Fresh Fruits [18] 0.64-0.76
Dried Fruits [18] 0.48-0.66
Legumes [18] 0.70-0.89

Comparing DIAAS to PDCAAS

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ "FAO proposes new protein quality measurement. March 2013". Archived from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  2. ↑ FAO (2013). Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN   978-92-5-107417-6 . Retrieved 2021-10-10.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Phillips SM (2017-05-08). "Current Concepts and Unresolved Questions in Dietary Protein Requirements and Supplements in Adults". Frontiers in Nutrition. 4: 13. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00013 . PMC   5420553 . PMID   28534027.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Rutherfurd SM, Fanning AC, Miller BJ, Moughan PJ (February 2015). "Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores and digestible indispensable amino acid scores differentially describe protein quality in growing male rats". The Journal of Nutrition. 145 (2): 372–379. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.195438 . PMID   25644361. S2CID   28977517.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ertl P, Knaus W, Zollitsch W (November 2016). "An approach to including protein quality when assessing the net contribution of livestock to human food supply". Animal. 10 (11): 1883–1889. Bibcode:2016Anim...10.1883E. doi: 10.1017/S1751731116000902 . PMID   27160573.
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  7. ↑ House JD, Neufeld J, Leson G (November 2010). "Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) products through the use of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58 (22): 11801–11807. doi:10.1021/jf102636b. PMID   20977230.
  8. ↑ Mathai JK, Liu Y, Stein HH (February 2017). "Values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for some dairy and plant proteins may better describe protein quality than values calculated using the concept for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS)". The British Journal of Nutrition. 117 (4): 490–499. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517000125 . PMID   28382889. S2CID   22644521.
  9. ↑ Zarkadas CG, Yu Z, Hamilton RI, Pattison PL, Rose NG (January 1995). "Comparison between the Protein Quality of Northern Adapted Cultivars of Common Maize and Quality Protein Maize". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43 (1): 84–93. doi:10.1021/jf00049a016. ISSN   0021-8561.
  10. ↑ Phillips SM (2016-09-29). "The impact of protein quality on the promotion of resistance exercise-induced changes in muscle mass". Nutrition & Metabolism. 13 (1): 64. doi: 10.1186/s12986-016-0124-8 . PMC   5041535 . PMID   27708684.
  11. 1 2 Ruales J, de Grijalva Y, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Nair BM (March 2002). "The nutritional quality of an infant food from quinoa and its effect on the plasma level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in undernourished children". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 53 (2): 143–154. doi:10.1080/09637480220132157. PMID   11939108. S2CID   12001819.
  12. 1 2 Nosworthy MG, Medina G, Franczyk AJ, Neufeld J, Appah P, Utioh A, et al. (May 2018). "Effect of Processing on the In Vitro and In Vivo Protein Quality of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris and Vicia Faba)". Nutrients. 10 (6): 671. doi: 10.3390/nu10060671 . PMC   6024599 . PMID   29799474.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Herreman L, Nommensen P, Pennings B, Laus MC (October 2020). "Comprehensive overview of the quality of plant- And animal-sourced proteins based on the digestible indispensable amino acid score". Food Science & Nutrition. 8 (10): 5379–5391. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1809. PMC   7590266 . PMID   33133540.
  14. 1 2 Mathai JK, Liu Y, Stein HH (February 2017). "Values for digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for some dairy and plant proteins may better describe protein quality than values calculated using the concept for protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS)". The British Journal of Nutrition. 117 (4): 490–499. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517000125 . PMID   28382889. S2CID   22644521.
  15. ↑ Bailey, Hannah M.; Mathai, John K.; Berg, Eric P.; Stein, Hans H. (July 2020). "Most meat products have digestible indispensable amino acid scores that are greater than 100, but processing may increase or reduce protein quality". British Journal of Nutrition. 124 (1): 14–22. doi:10.1017/S0007114520000641. ISSN   0007-1145. PMID   32089140. S2CID   211261687.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Boye, Joyce; Wijesinha-Bettoni, Ramani; Burlingame, Barbara (August 2012). "Protein quality evaluation twenty years after the introduction of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score method". British Journal of Nutrition. 108 (S2): S183–S211. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512002309 . ISSN   0007-1145. PMID   23107529.
  17. ↑ Burd, Nicholas A.; Beals, Joseph W.; Martinez, Isabel G.; Salvador, Amadeo F.; Skinner, Sarah K. (2019-02-01). "Food-First Approach to Enhance the Regulation of Post-exercise Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Remodeling". Sports Medicine. 49 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-1009-y. ISSN   1179-2035. PMC   6445816 . PMID   30671904.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Suárez López, M. M.; Kizlansky, A.; López, L. B. (January 2006). "[Assessment of protein quality in foods by calculating the amino acids score corrected by digestibility]". Nutricion Hospitalaria. 21 (1): 47–51. ISSN   0212-1611. PMID   16562812.


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