Diplomatic partnerships of China

This is a list of countries with which the People's Republic of China has established diplomatic partnerships. The concept of "partnership" began after the end of the Cold War. After the end of the Cold War, NATO implemented the "Partnership for Peace Program" to establish partnerships with non-NATO countries. Partnership refers to an international cooperative relationship in which countries (regions, organizations) cooperate in the political, economic, scientific, cultural and other fields because of trust. ^[1]

As of the end of May 2024, China has established diplomatic relations with 185 countries, of which 180 have established cooperation or even partnership. If cooperation or partnership with international organizations is added, the number reaches 190. ^[2] The diplomatic level of the People's Republic of China can be roughly divided into five types: general partnership, partnership with the title of "comprehensive" or "all-round", general strategic partnership, strategic partnership with the title of "comprehensive", "global" or "all-round", and strategic partnership with the title of "all-weather" or "permanent". ^[3] There is also the community of shared destiny relationship that has emerged in recent years.

Community of shared future

"Community of shared future” refers to countries or international organizations that have established a high-level strategic partnership with China  and have carried out broader and deeper cooperation, while expressing their recognition of China's values ​​of promoting "building a community of shared future for mankind”, participating in China's Belt and Road initiative and supporting China's global initiatives, and are willing to support and cooperate in China's vision of global governance.

Bilateral community of shared future

• All-weather community of shared future in the new era: Cambodia ^[4]
• High-quality, high-level and high-standard community of shared future in the new era: Laos ^[5]
• A closer community of shared future in the new era: Pakistan ^[6]
• A community with a shared future for mankind in the new era: Egypt, ^[7] Serbia, ^[8] Solomon Islands, ^[9] Kenya ^[10]
• High-level community of shared future: South Africa, ^[11] the Republic of Congo, ^[12] Zimbabwe, ^[13] Senegal, ^[14] Nigeria ^[15]
• Community of Shared Future: Cuba, ^[16] Uzbekistan, ^[17] Turkmenistan, ^[18] Myanmar, ^[19] Malaysia ^[20]

• A community with a shared future of everlasting friendship, high mutual trust and shared future: Kazakhstan ^[21]
• A community of shared future with everlasting friendship, shared weal and woe, mutual benefit and win-win: Tajikistan ^[22]
• A community of shared destiny with good neighborliness, friendship and shared prosperity: Kyrgyzstan ^[23]
• A community of shared future for mankind: peaceful coexistence, mutual assistance and win-win cooperation: Mongolia ^[24]
• A shared future for a more just world and a more sustainable planet: Brazil ^[25]
• A more stable, more prosperous and more sustainable community with a shared future: Thailand ^[26]

• A strategically significant community of shared destiny: Vietnam ^[27] (called "Shared Future Community” by the Vietnamese side) ^[28]
• A community with a shared future with regional and global influence: Indonesia ^[29]

Multilateral community with a shared future

• The all-weather community of shared future in the new era: the African Union ^[30]
• A community of shared future in the new era: the Arab League ^[31]
• A closer community of shared future: ASEAN, ^[32] Central Asia, ^[33] Pacific island nations ^[34]
• Community of Shared Destiny: Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ^[35]

Strategic partners

Strategic partnership requires that the cooperation between the two sides is based on national security interests and has consistency in terms of overall, global and core interests. Comprehensive strategic partnership means that the two sides have a wider range of cooperation areas. It is a higher level of strategic relationship and covers a more comprehensive range. There is no specific explanation for the modifiers such as "new era", "all-weather" and "all-round". In short, they all represent that the bilateral cooperation is closer than the general comprehensive strategic partnership, and the areas of bilateral cooperation are deeper and broader.

• All-weather comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era: Hungary, ^[36] Uzbekistan ^[17]
• All-weather comprehensive strategic partnership: Belarus ^[37]

• All-Weather Strategic Partnership: Pakistan ^[38]
• All-weather strategic partnership: Venezuela, ^[39] Ethiopia ^[40]
• Permanent comprehensive strategic partnership: Kazakhstan ^[41]

• Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era: South Africa ^[42]
• Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era: Tajikistan ^[43]
• Comprehensive strategic partnership of mutual respect and common development in the new era: Solomon Islands ^[9]
• Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in the New Era: Kyrgyzstan ^[23]

• Comprehensive strategic partnership: Cambodia, Vietnam, ^[27] Myanmar, ^[44] Thailand, ^[45] Senegal, ^[46] Namibia, ^[47] Mozambique, ^[48] Sierra Leone, ^[49] Zimbabwe, ^[50] Kenya, Tanzania, Gabon, ^[51] the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ^[52] the Republic of the Congo, ^[53] Zambia, ^[54] Maldives, ^[55] Bangladesh, ^[56] Guinea, ^[57] Equatorial Guinea, ^[58] Angola, ^[59] Madagascar
• Comprehensive strategic partnership: Germany ^[60]
• Towards a comprehensive global strategic partnership for the 21st century: United Kingdom ^[61]
• Comprehensive strategic partnership of mutual respect and common development: Fiji, ^[62] Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu
• Comprehensive strategic partnership: Malaysia, Mongolia, ^[63] Indonesia, ^[64] Algeria, Egypt, ^[65] Denmark, France, ^[66] Portugal, Spain, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Argentina, ^[67] Brazil, ^[68] Peru, Australia, ^[69] New Zealand, ^[70] Saudi Arabia, ^[71] Iran, ^[72] Serbia, ^[73] Poland, ^[74] Ecuador, ^[75] the United Arab Emirates, Chile, Turkmenistan, Bahrain, ^[76] Djibouti, ^[77] Nigeria, Timor-Leste, Togo, ^[78] Rwanda, Uruguay, Azerbaijan
• Strategic partnership for development and prosperity: Nepal ^[79]
• Strategic partnership of sincere mutual assistance and everlasting friendship: Sri Lanka ^[80]

• Strategic partnerships: Afghanistan, South Korea, Brunei, Nepal, ^[81] Bangladesh, Suriname
• Mutually beneficial strategic partnership: Ireland ^[82]
• Strategic partnership for innovation: Switzerland ^[83]

• Strategic partnerships: Qatar, Ukraine, Costa Rica, Canada, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Bolivia, Oman, Kuwait, Jordan, Iraq, Morocco, Eritrea, Jamaica, Czech Republic, Palestine [  Georgia, Colombia, Nicaragua, Tunisia, Guinea -Bissau, Seychelles, Comoros, Mali, Mauritania, Malawi, Chad, Benin, Sao Tome  Principe, Central Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Niger, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Armenia

Partners

• All-round friendly and cooperative partnership: Belgium ^[84]

• Comprehensive friendly and cooperative partnership: Romania ^[85]
• Open and pragmatic comprehensive cooperative partnership: Netherlands ^[86]

• Comprehensive Partnership: Croatia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda
• New partnerships for the future: Finland
• Comprehensive strategic partnership: Philippines ^[87]
• Strategic Partnership: Turkey
• Friendly cooperation relations: Lebanon, Yemen, Libya, Burundi, North Macedonia, San Marino, Andorra, Iceland, Sweden, Côte d'Ivoire, Norway ^[88]
• Traditional friendly relations: Albania ^[89]
• Friendly relations: Ghana, Cape Verde, Malta

Special partnership

• Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Cooperation in the New Era: Russia ^{[90] [91]}
• Special friendship in the new era: Cuba ^[92]
• Traditional friendly and cooperative relations: North Korea
• Comprehensive and high-quality forward-looking partnership: Singapore ^[93]
• Closer Development Partnership: India ^[94]
• Innovative Comprehensive Partnership: Israel ^[95]

Non-partner

• New Type of Great Power Relationship: the United States (called a "strategic competitive relationship" by the US)
• Strategic Mutual Relationship: Japan

Multilateral partnerships

• Comprehensive strategic partnerships: the European Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ^[96] the Pacific Islands Forum ^[97]
• A new strategic partnership: the African Union
• Strategic partnerships: the Arab League, the Gulf Cooperation Council
• Comprehensive Partnership: the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

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