Diplomatic partnerships of China

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This is a list of countries with which the People's Republic of China has established diplomatic partnerships. Partnership refers to an international cooperative relationship in which countries (regions, organizations) cooperate in the political, economic, scientific, cultural and other fields because of trust. As of the end of May 2024, China maintains diplomatic relations with 185 countries, of which 180 it has signed cooperation or partnership agreements with; if international organizations are included, the number rises to 190. The diplomatic levels of China can be roughly divided into five types: general partnership, "comprehensive" or "all-round" partnership, general strategic partnership, "comprehensive", "global" or "all-round" strategic partnership, and "all-weather" or "permanent" strategic partnership. A community of shared destiny relationship has also emerged in recent years.

Contents

Framework

China establishes bilateral partnerships with other countries that range from broad strategic partnerships to those with more discrete areas of cooperation. [1] : 25  The diplomatic levels of China can be roughly divided into five types: general partnership, "comprehensive" or "all-round" partnership, general strategic partnership, "comprehensive", "global" or "all-round" strategic partnership, and "all-weather" or "permanent" strategic partnership. [2] "Comprehensive strategic partnerships" are the broadest, with "strategic partnerships" and "comprehensive cooperative partnerships" used to describe relations with less broad cooperation. [1] : 25  Partnership refers to an international cooperative relationship in which countries (regions, organizations) cooperate in the political, economic, scientific, cultural and other fields because of trust. [3] China generally avoids signing formal alliances and bilateral treaties. [4] : 107  It describes this position as "relationship based on partnership rather than alliance" (jieban bujiemeng). [5] : 1 

As of the end of May 2024, China has diplomatic relations with 185 countries, of which 180 it has signed cooperation or partnership agreements; if international organizations is added, the number reaches 190. [6]

Community of shared future

"Community of shared future” refers to countries or international organizations that have established a high-level strategic partnership with China  and have carried out broader and deeper cooperation, while expressing their recognition of China's values of promoting "building a community of shared future for mankind”, participating in China's Belt and Road initiative and supporting China's global initiatives, and are willing to support and cooperate in China's vision of global governance.

Bilateral community of shared future

NameChinese nameCountriesRef.
All-weather community of shared future in the new era新时代全天候命运共同体 Cambodia [7]
High-quality, high-level and high-standard community of shared future in the new era高质量、高水平、高标准的新时代命运共同体 Laos [8]
Closer community of shared future in the new era新时代更加紧密的命运共同体 Pakistan [9]
Community with a shared future for mankind in the new era新时代命运共同体 Egypt, Kenya, Serbia, Solomon Islands [10] [11] [12] [13]
High-level community of shared future高水平命运共同体 Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
Community of shared future命运共同体 Cuba, Malaysia, Myanmar, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]
Community with a shared future of everlasting friendship, high mutual trust and shared future世代友好、高度互信、休戚与共的命运共同体 Kazakhstan [24]
Community of shared future with everlasting friendship, shared weal and woe, mutual benefit and win-win世代友好、休戚与共、互利共赢的命运共同体 Tajikistan [25]
Community of shared destiny with good neighborliness, friendship and shared prosperity睦邻友好、共享繁荣的命运共同体 Kyrgyzstan [26]
Community of shared future for mankind: peaceful coexistence, mutual assistance and win-win cooperation和平共处、守望相助、合作共赢的命运共同体 Mongolia [27]
Community with a shared future for a more just world and a more sustainable planet更公正世界和更可持续星球的命运共同体 Brazil [28]
More stable, more prosperous and more sustainable community with a shared future更为稳定、更加繁荣、更可持续的命运共同体 Thailand [29]
Strategically significant community of shared destiny具有战略意义的命运共同体 Vietnam [a] [30] [31]
Community with a shared future with regional and global influence具有地区和全球影响力的命运共同体 Indonesia [32]

Multilateral community with a shared future

NameChinese nameOrganization/regionRef.
All-weather community of shared future in the new era新时代全天候命运共同体 African Union [33]
Community of shared future in the new era新时代命运共同体 Arab League [34]
Closer community of shared future更为紧密的命运共同体 ASEAN, Central Asia, Pacific island nations [35] [36] [37]
Community of shared destiny命运共同体 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States [38]

Strategic partners

Strategic partnership requires that the cooperation between the two sides is based on national security interests and has consistency in terms of overall, global and core interests. Comprehensive strategic partnership means that the two sides have a wider range of cooperation areas. It is a higher level of strategic relationship and covers a more comprehensive range. There is no specific explanation for the modifiers such as "new era", "all-weather" and "all-round". In short, they all represent that the bilateral cooperation is closer than the general comprehensive strategic partnership, and the areas of bilateral cooperation are deeper and broader.

NameChinese nameCountriesRef.
All-weather comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era新时代全天候全面战略伙伴关系 Hungary, Uzbekistan [39]
All-weather comprehensive strategic partnership全天候全面战略伙伴关系 Belarus [40]
All-weather strategic cooperative partnership全天候战略合作伙伴关系 Pakistan [40]
All-weather strategic partnership全天候战略伙伴关系 Ethiopia, Venezuela [40]
Permanent comprehensive strategic partnership永久全面战略伙伴关系 Kazakhstan [40]
Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era新时代全方位战略合作伙伴关系 South Africa [40]
Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era新时代全面战略合作伙伴关系 Tajikistan [40]
Comprehensive strategic partnership of mutual respect and common development in the new era新时代相互尊重、共同发展的全面战略伙伴关系 Solomon Islands [40]
Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new Era新时代全面战略伙伴关系 Kyrgyzstan [40]
Comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership全面战略合作伙伴关系 Angola, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Thailand, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe [40]
All-round strategic partnership全方位战略伙伴关系 Germany [39]
Towards a comprehensive global strategic partnership for the 21st century面向21世纪全球全面战略伙伴关系 United Kingdom [40]
Comprehensive strategic partnership of mutual respect and common development相互尊重、共同发展的全面战略伙伴关系 Cook Islands, Fiji, Micronesia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu [40]
Comprehensive strategic partnership全面战略伙伴关系 Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brazil, Chile, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Greece, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Spain, Timor-Leste, Togo, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay [40]
Strategic partnership for development and prosperity面向发展与繁荣的世代友好的战略合作伙伴关系 Nepal [40]
Strategic partnership of sincere mutual assistance and everlasting friendship真诚互助、世代友好的战略合作伙伴关系 Sri Lanka [40]
Strategic cooperative partnership战略合作伙伴关系 Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, South Korea, Suriname [40]
Mutually beneficial strategic partnership互惠战略伙伴关系 Ireland [40]
Strategic partnership for innovation创新战略伙伴关系 Switzerland [40]
Strategic partnership战略伙伴关系 Armenia, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Central African Republic ,Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Eritrea, Georgia, Guinea-Bissau, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine [40]

Partners

NameChinese nameCountriesRef.
All-round friendly and cooperative partnership全方位友好合作伙伴关系 Belgium [40]
Comprehensive, friendly and cooperative partnership全面友好合作伙伴关系 Romania [39]
Open and pragmatic comprehensive cooperative partnership开放务实的全面合作伙伴关系 Netherlands [40]
Comprehensive partnership全面合作伙伴关系 Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda [40]
New-type cooperative partnership面向未来的新型合作伙伴关系 Finland [39]
Comprehensive strategic partnership全面战略合作关系 Philippines [40]
Strategic partnership战略合作关系 Turkey [40]
Friendly cooperative relations友好合作关系 Andorra, Burundi, Estonia, Iceland, Ivory Coast, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, North Macedonia, Norway, San Marino, Slovenia, Sweden, Yemen [39]
Traditional friendly relations传统友好关系 Albania [40]
Friendly relations友好关系 Cape Verde, Ghana, Malta [40]

Special partnership

NameChinese nameCountriesRef.
Comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系 Russia [41]
Special friendship in the new era新时代特殊友好关系 Cuba [40]
Traditional friendly and cooperative relations传统友好合作关系 North Korea [40]
All round high quality future oriented partnership全方位高质量的前瞻性伙伴关系 Singapore [42]
Closer development partnership更加紧密的发展伙伴关系 India [43]
Innovative comprehensive partnership创新全面伙伴关系 Israel [44]

Non-partner

NameChinese nameCountriesRef.
New type of great power relations 新型大国关系 United States [b] [40]
Mutually beneficial relationship based on common strategic interests战略互惠关系 Japan [45]

Multilateral partnerships

NameChinese nameOrganizationRef.
Comprehensive strategic partnership全面战略伙伴关系 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, European Union, Pacific Islands Forum [40]
New strategic partnership新型战略伙伴关系 African Union [40]
Strategic partnership战略伙伴关系 Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council [40]
Comprehensive Partnership全面合作伙伴关系 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States [40]

Notes

  1. ↑ Translated as "community of shared future” by the Vietnamese side.
  2. ↑ Called a "strategic competitive relationship" by the United States.

References

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