Disk wind

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In astronomy, a disk wind is a particle outflow observed around accretion disks, mainly near protoplanetary disks [1] [2] and active galactic nulei (AGN). [3] [4] The disk wind is made up of a gaseous and a dusty component. [1] Especially in edge-on protoplanetary disks this disk wind can be directly imaged. [5] [6]

Contents

Disk winds young stellar objects

JWST MIRI MRS Observations of T Cha Discovery of a Spatially Resolved Disk Wind - Figure 5.jpg
Sketch (side-view) of the disk, protostar, protoplanet and disk wind around T Chamaeleontis, which was resolved with JWST by Bajaj et al. [7]
Tau 042021 labelled.jpg
Tau 042021 with its components in different colors. The collimated jets are red, the disk wind is green and the disk is blue and the dark aborption band. The disk wind was discovered in two papers. [8] [9]

The disk wind often appears as a nested structure, with high-velocity narrow collimated jets surrounded by a slower and wider disk wind. This wider disk wind is often detected in molecular emission lines. The central star or protostar or the accretion process is emitting high-energy photons, from far-ultraviolet to x-rays. This ionizes and heats the gas and dust in the disk. This material is first ejected due to magnetorotational instability (MRI). Material is flung out by magneto-centrifugal processes and this model describes the wind as magnetohydrodynamic winds (MHD winds). One important function of the MHD wind is that it transports angular momentum away from the disk and the protostar. If the MHD wind fails to escape the star, it might fall onto the equator region of the star and contribute to accretion of material. [5] Studies have shown that disk wind is the major contributor to accretion in young stellar objects. [10] In the late stage, disk winds are seen as a way of dispersing of a protoplanetary disks. These models describe the winds as photoveaporative winds (PE winds), which are thermally driven and play no role in removal of angular momentum. In this model, the disk surface is heated by photons and evaporates in a wind. Most wide-angle slow disk winds are however consistent with MHD winds and have a larger mass loss rate than the narrow jets. As the system evolves into class II objects, the jet becomes less visible and the MHD winds transition into PE winds. At the same time the accretion of material onto the star declines. [5]

The disk wind also influences the solid component of the protoplanetary disk and therefore planet formation in this region. The disk wind mainly removes gas from the disk, but dust particles are also swept away from the disk. This increases the dust-to-gas ratio and promotes the formation of solid particles and subsequently the formation of planetesimals. In a typical protoplanetary disk the low mass planets migrate inwards due to gravitational interactions with the disk. The reduced density of the inner disk can slow down, prevent or reverse planet migration in this region. [5]

Especially ALMA observations helped to resolve these disk winds in the past. [5] But JWST has already contributed to the discovery of multiple resolved molecular disk winds. [8] [9] [6] [11] [7] In more face-on disks, like HD 163296, the disk wind can be detected via infrared excess and by clumps transiting in front of the star. [12]

Disk winds in active galactic nulei

Outflows around supermassive black holes (SMBH) can be classified as either fast and collimated jets, or as slow (≤20% speed of light), but more massive disk winds. These disk winds are most notably seen in broad absorption lines of some AGN, called broad absorption line quasar (BALQSOs). Several mechanisms have been proposed as drivers of these disk winds. One idea is the "line-driven" disk wind. In this scenario UV photons, which are produced in the disk near the SMBH, are scattered by strong resonance lines. Many such lines are observed in the UV spectra of BALQSOs. [4] This disk wind is expanding in the plane of the disk. [3] [4]

Disk winds around other objects

Artist's impression of the disk wind around the stellar mass black hole IGR J17091-3624 IGR J17091-3624.jpg
Artist's impression of the disk wind around the stellar mass black hole IGR J17091-3624

Disk winds were found around other objects, such as the stellar mass black hole GRO J1655-40, [13] disk winds in black hole x-ray binaries, [14] or disk winds are suspected to occur in Kilonovae. [15]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protoplanetary disk</span> Gas and dust surrounding a newly formed star

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barnard 203</span> Dark nebula in constellation Perseus

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">GV Tauri</span> Young binary star system in the constellation of Taurus

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">IM Lupi</span> Pre-main-sequence star in the constellation Lupus

IM Lupi is a young stellar object with a surrounding protoplanetary disk. The young star is suspected to host a still forming protoplanet at a distance of 110 astronomical units (AU) and a mass of 2-3 MJ. IM Lupi is 508 light-years distant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRAS F11119+3257</span> Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major

IRAS F11119+3257 or simply as F11119+3257, is a galaxy located in constellation Ursa Major. With a redshift of 0.187580, it has a light travel time distance of 2.5 billion light-years and is considered an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 163296</span> HD 163296 is a Herbig Ae star

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">KPNO-Tau 12</span> Young substellar object

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2MASS J04202144+2813491</span> 2MASS J04202144+2813491 is a protoplanetary disk in Taurus

2MASS J04202144+2813491 is an edge-on protoplanetary disk in the Taurus Molecular Cloud.

References

  1. 1 2 Bans, Alissa; Königl, Arieh (2012-10-01). "A Disk-wind Model for the Near-infrared Excess Emission in Protostars". The Astrophysical Journal. 758 (2): 100. arXiv: 1207.1508 . Bibcode:2012ApJ...758..100B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/100. ISSN   0004-637X.
  2. ↑ Bjerkeli, Per; van der Wiel, Matthijs H. D.; Harsono, Daniel; Ramsey, Jon P.; Jørgensen, Jes K. (2016-12-01). "Resolved images of a protostellar outflow driven by an extended disk wind". Nature. 540 (7633): 406–409. arXiv: 1612.05148 . Bibcode:2016Natur.540..406B. doi:10.1038/nature20600. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   27974756.
  3. 1 2 Murray, N.; Chiang, J.; Grossman, S. A.; Voit, G. M. (1995-10-01). "Accretion Disk Winds from Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal. 451: 498. Bibcode:1995ApJ...451..498M. doi:10.1086/176238. ISSN   0004-637X.
  4. 1 2 3 Higginbottom, Nick; Proga, Daniel; Knigge, Christian; Long, Knox S.; Matthews, James H.; Sim, Stuart A. (2014-07-01). "Line-driven Disk Winds in Active Galactic Nuclei: The Critical Importance of Ionization and Radiative Transfer". The Astrophysical Journal. 789 (1): 19. arXiv: 1402.1849 . Bibcode:2014ApJ...789...19H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/19. ISSN   0004-637X.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Pascucci, I.; Cabrit, S.; Edwards, S.; Gorti, U.; Gressel, O.; Suzuki, T. K. (2023-07-01). "The Role of Disk Winds in the Evolution and Dispersal of Protoplanetary Disks". Protostars and Planets VII, ASP Conference Series. 534: 567. arXiv: 2203.10068 . Bibcode:2023ASPC..534..567P.
  6. 1 2 Pascucci, Ilaria; Beck, Tracy L.; Cabrit, Sylvie; Bajaj, Naman S.; Edwards, Suzan; Louvet, Fabien; Najita, Joan R.; Skinner, Bennett N.; Gorti, Uma; Salyk, Colette; Brittain, Sean D.; Krijt, Sebastiaan; Muzerolle Page, James; Ruaud, Maxime; Schwarz, Kamber (2024-10-01). "The nested morphology of disk winds from young stars revealed by JWST/NIRSpec observations". Nature Astronomy. 9: 81–89. arXiv: 2410.18033 . Bibcode:2024NatAs.tmp..279P. doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02385-7. ISSN   2397-3366.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link)
  7. 1 2 Bajaj, Naman S.; Pascucci, Ilaria; Gorti, Uma; Alexander, Richard; Sellek, Andrew; Morrison, Jane; Gaspar, Andras; Clarke, Cathie; Xie, Chengyan; Ballabio, Giulia; Deng, Dingshan (2024-03-01). "JWST MIRI MRS Observations of T Cha: Discovery of a Spatially Resolved Disk Wind". The Astronomical Journal. 167 (3): 127. arXiv: 2403.01060 . Bibcode:2024AJ....167..127B. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ad22e1 . ISSN   0004-6256.
  8. 1 2 Duchêne, Gaspard; Ménard, François; Stapelfeldt, Karl R.; Villenave, Marion; Wolff, Schuyler G.; Perrin, Marshall D.; Pinte, Christophe; Tazaki, Ryo; Padgett, Deborah L. (2024-02-01). "JWST Imaging of Edge-on Protoplanetary Disks. I. Fully Vertically Mixed 10 μm Grains in the Outer Regions of a 1000 au Disk". The Astronomical Journal. 167 (2): 77. arXiv: 2309.07040 . Bibcode:2024AJ....167...77D. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/acf9a7 . ISSN   0004-6256.
  9. 1 2 Arulanantham, Nicole; McClure, M. K.; Pontoppidan, Klaus; Beck, Tracy L.; Sturm, J. A.; Harsono, D.; Boogert, A. C. A.; Cordiner, M.; Dartois, E.; Drozdovskaya, M. N.; Espaillat, C.; Melnick, G. J.; Noble, J. A.; Palumbo, M. E.; Pendleton, Y. J. (2024-04-01). "JWST MIRI MRS Images of Disk Winds, Water, and CO in an Edge-on Protoplanetary Disk". The Astrophysical Journal. 965 (1): L13. arXiv: 2402.12256 . Bibcode:2024ApJ...965L..13A. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ad35c9 . ISSN   0004-637X.
  10. ↑ Tabone, B.; Rosotti, G. P.; Lodato, G.; Armitage, P. J.; Cridland, A. J.; van Dishoeck, E. F. (2022-05-01). "MHD disc winds can reproduce fast disc dispersal and the correlation between accretion rate and disc mass in Lupus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 512 (1): L74 –L79. arXiv: 2111.14473 . Bibcode:2022MNRAS.512L..74T. doi: 10.1093/mnrasl/slab124 . ISSN   0035-8711.
  11. ↑ Schwarz, Kamber R.; Samland, Matthias; Olofsson, Göran; Henning, Thomas; Sellek, Andrew; Güdel, Manuel; Tabone, Benoît; Kamp, Inga; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier (2024-09-01), MINDS. JWST-MIRI Observations of a Spatially Resolved Atomic Jet and Polychromatic Molecular Wind Toward SY Cha, arXiv: 2409.11176 , retrieved 2024-12-29
  12. ↑ Pikhartova, Monika; Long, Zachary C.; Assani, Korash D.; Fernandes, Rachel B.; Bayyari, Ammar; Sitko, Michael L.; Grady, Carol A.; Wisniewski, John P.; Rich, Evan A.; Henden, Arne A.; Danchi, William C. (2021-09-01). "Variability of Disk Emission in Pre-main Sequence and Related Stars. V. Occultation Events from the Innermost Disk Region of the Herbig Ae Star HD 163296". The Astrophysical Journal. 919 (1): 64. arXiv: 2105.10025 . Bibcode:2021ApJ...919...64P. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac03af . ISSN   0004-637X.
  13. ↑ Miller, J. M.; Raymond, J.; Reynolds, C. S.; Fabian, A. C.; Kallman, T. R.; Homan, J. (2008-06-01). "The Accretion Disk Wind in the Black Hole GRO J1655-40". The Astrophysical Journal. 680 (2): 1359–1377. arXiv: 0802.2026 . Bibcode:2008ApJ...680.1359M. doi:10.1086/588521. ISSN   0004-637X.
  14. ↑ Tetarenko, B. E.; Lasota, J. -P.; Heinke, C. O.; Dubus, G.; Sivakoff, G. R. (2018-02-01). "Strong disk winds traced throughout outbursts in black-hole X-ray binaries". Nature. 554 (7690): 69–72. arXiv: 1801.07203 . Bibcode:2018Natur.554...69T. doi:10.1038/nature25159. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   29364880.
  15. ↑ Kasen, Daniel; Fernández, Rodrigo; Metzger, Brian D. (2015-06-01). "Kilonova light curves from the disc wind outflows of compact object mergers". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 450 (2): 1777–1786. arXiv: 1411.3726 . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.450.1777K. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv721 . ISSN   0035-8711.
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