Donald Ganem

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Donald "Don" Emil Ganem is an American physician, virologist, professor emeritus of microbiology and medicine, and the former Global Head of Infectious Diseases Research at Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research. [1]

Contents

Early life and education

Born and raised in northern Massachusetts, Ganem graduated in 1968 from Phillips Academy Andover and in 1972 from Harvard College. [1] [2] After two years of medical school, he took an 18-month leave of absence to work on SV40 DNA replication with George Fareed. [3] In 1977, Ganem graduated with an M.D. from Harvard Medical School. [4] At Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now Brigham and Women's Hospital), he was a resident and chief resident in internal medicine. At the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), he did subspecialty training in infectious diseases, working in Harold Varmus's laboratory. [3]

Career and research

Ganem became a faculty member at UCSF in 1982, [2] rising eventually to the rank of Professor of Microbiology & Immunology and Medicine. [5] In 1991, he also became an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. [5]

At UCSF, his work initially focused on the molecular basis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and assembly. This included fundamental studies on the synthesis and assembly of subviral [6] [7] [8] and viral [9] [10] particles, the mechanism of the encapsidation of viral RNA, [11] [12]  and detailed analyses of viral reverse transcription, [13] [14] including the first description of how linear viral DNA is formed, [15]  which led him to propose the now-accepted idea that linear DNA is the likely precursor to integrated viral genomes. [16] In the mid-1990s, he turned his attention to the study of the virology of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), the leading tumor of AIDS patients. After the landmark discovery of genomic fragments of a novel herpesvirus (KSHV) in KS tissue by Moore and Chang [17] , Ganem's lab developed the first system for the growth of KSHV in cell culture. [18] Soon thereafter, the Ganem lab, [19] [20] the Moore and Chang lab, [21] and many subsequent groups independently published strong epidemiologic evidence that KSHV was indeed linked to the development of KS tumors. His later work on KSHV focused on identifying and characterizing the genes expressed in latent and reactivated infections, [22] [23] including those involved in gene regulation, [24] [25] [26] signal transduction, [27] [28] and immune evasion. [29] [30] [31] His studies of viral microRNAs also led his team to discover microRNAs in another family of viruses, the polyomaviruses. [32] Finally, Ganem was also part of a UCSF team (led by Dr. Joseph DeRisi) that developed a highly parallel viral screening system using DNA microarrays (and later, metagenomic DNA sequencing) to identify known and novel viral pathogens in animal and human tissue samples. [33] [34] [35]

In 2011, Ganem left UCSF to become the Global Head of Infectious Diseases Research at Novartis, where he led teams developing novel antivirals for respiratory viruses, HBV, herpesviruses, and polyomaviruses, as well as new antibiotics for multi-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Ganem left Novartis in 2018. In 2020, with Kelly Wong, Ph.D., he co-founded Via Nova Therapeutics, a biotech firm focused on antiviral drug development. He retired from active research in 2024.

Awards and honors

Related Research Articles

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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the ninth known human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is Human gammaherpesvirus 8, or HHV-8 in short. Like other herpesviruses, its informal names are used interchangeably with its formal ICTV name. This virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients, as well as primary effusion lymphoma, HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. It is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. Even after many years since the discovery of KSHV/HHV8, there is no known cure for KSHV associated tumorigenesis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oncovirus</span> Viruses that can cause cancer

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Primary effusion lymphoma</span> Medical condition

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is classified as a diffuse large B cell lymphoma. It is a rare malignancy of plasmablastic cells that occurs in individuals that are infected with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Plasmablasts are immature plasma cells, i.e. lymphocytes of the B-cell type that have differentiated into plasmablasts but because of their malignant nature do not differentiate into mature plasma cells but rather proliferate excessively and thereby cause life-threatening disease. In PEL, the proliferating plasmablastoid cells commonly accumulate within body cavities to produce effusions, primarily in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal cavities, without forming a contiguous tumor mass. In rare cases of these cavitary forms of PEL, the effusions develop in joints, the epidural space surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and underneath the capsule which forms around breast implants. Less frequently, individuals present with extracavitary primary effusion lymphomas, i.e., solid tumor masses not accompanied by effusions. The extracavitary tumors may develop in lymph nodes, bone, bone marrow, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, spleen, liver, lungs, central nervous system, testes, paranasal sinuses, muscle, and, rarely, inside the vasculature and sinuses of lymph nodes. As their disease progresses, however, individuals with the classical effusion-form of PEL may develop extracavitary tumors and individuals with extracavitary PEL may develop cavitary effusions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patrick S. Moore</span> American virologist and epidemiologist

Patrick S. Moore is an American virologist and epidemiologist who co-discovered together with his wife, Yuan Chang, two different human viruses causing the AIDS-related cancer Kaposi's sarcoma and the skin cancer Merkel cell carcinoma. Moore and Chang have discovered two of the seven known human viruses causing cancer. The couple met while in medical school together and were married in 1989 while they pursued fellowships at different universities.

<i>Herpesviridae</i> Family of DNA viruses

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word ἕρπειν, referring to spreading cutaneous lesions, usually involving blisters, seen in flares of herpes simplex 1, herpes simplex 2 and herpes zoster (shingles). In 1971, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) established Herpesvirus as a genus with 23 viruses among four groups. As of 2020, 115 species are recognized, all but one of which are in one of the three subfamilies. Herpesviruses can cause both latent and lytic infections.

<i>Gammaherpesvirinae</i> Subfamily of viruses

Gammaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the order Herpesvirales and in the family Herpesviridae. Viruses in Gammaherpesvirinae are distinguished by reproducing at a more variable rate than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae. Mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 43 species in this subfamily, divided among 7 genera with three species unassigned to a genus. Diseases associated with this subfamily include: HHV-4: infectious mononucleosis. HHV-8: Kaposi's sarcoma.

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The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA-1) or latent nuclear antigen is a Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latent protein initially found by Moore and colleagues as a speckled nuclear antigen present in primary effusion lymphoma cells that reacts with antibodies from patients with KS. It is the most immunodominant KSHV protein identified by Western-blotting as 222–234 kDa double bands migrate slower than the predicted molecular weight. LANA has been suspected of playing a crucial role in modulating viral and cellular gene expression. It is commonly used as an antigen in blood tests to detect antibodies in persons that have been exposed to KSHV.

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Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses on the skin, in lymph nodes, in the mouth, or in other organs. The skin lesions are usually painless, purple and may be flat or raised. Lesions can occur singly, multiply in a limited area, or may be widespread. Depending on the sub-type of disease and level of immune suppression, KS may worsen either gradually or quickly. Except for Classical KS where there is generally no immune suppression, KS is caused by a combination of immune suppression and infection by Human herpesvirus 8.

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Eva Henriette Gottwein is a virologist and Associate Professor of Microbiology-Immunology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, Illinois. The main focus of her research is the role of viral miRNAs involved in herpesviral oncogenesis. Gottwein is member of Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University. Her contributions as a member include the focus on how encoded miRNAs target and function in the human oncogenic herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus known as KSHV.

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References

  1. 1 2 Savard, Rita (March 26, 2020). "Tracking a pandemic: A conversation with virologist Don Ganem, MD '68, Expert insights into COVID-19". Andover Magazine Online.
  2. 1 2 3 "Don Ganem". iBiology (ibiology.org).
  3. 1 2 Neill, Ushma S. (2014-02-03). "A conversation with Don Ganem". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 124 (2): 464–465. doi:10.1172/JCI73101. ISSN   0021-9738. PMC   3904632 . PMID   24487639.
  4. 1 2 "Don Ganem". Member Directory, National Academy of Sciences (nasonline.org).
  5. 1 2 "Don Ganem, MD, Investigator / 1991–2010". Howard Hughes Medical Institute. (with links to articles on PubMed)
  6. ↑ Eble, B. E.; Lingappa, V. R.; Ganem, D. (1986). "Hepatitis B surface antigen: an unusual secreted protein initially synthesized as a transmembrane polypeptide". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 6 (5): 1454–1463. doi:10.1128/mcb.6.5.1454-1463.1986. ISSN   0270-7306. PMC   367670 . PMID   3023891.
  7. ↑ Eble, B. E.; MacRae, D. R.; Lingappa, V. R.; Ganem, D. (1987). "Multiple topogenic sequences determine the transmembrane orientation of the hepatitis B surface antigen". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 7 (10): 3591–3601. doi:10.1128/mcb.7.10.3591-3601.1987. ISSN   0270-7306. PMC   368013 . PMID   3683395.
  8. ↑ Simon, K.; Lingappa, V. R.; Ganem, D. (1988). "Secreted hepatitis B surface antigen polypeptides are derived from a transmembrane precursor". The Journal of Cell Biology. 107 (6 Pt 1): 2163–2168. doi:10.1083/jcb.107.6.2163. ISSN   0021-9525. PMC   2115684 . PMID   3198683.
  9. ↑ Ostapchuk, P.; Hearing, P.; Ganem, D. (1994). "A dramatic shift in the transmembrane topology of a viral envelope glycoprotein accompanies hepatitis B viral morphogenesis". The EMBO Journal. 13 (5): 1048–1057. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06353.x. ISSN   0261-4189. PMC   394912 . PMID   8131739.
  10. ↑ Bruss, V.; Ganem, D. (1991). "The role of envelope proteins in hepatitis B virus assembly". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (3): 1059–1063. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.3.1059 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   50954 . PMID   1992457.
  11. ↑ Hirsch, R. C.; Loeb, D. D.; Pollack, J. R.; Ganem, D. (1991). "cis-acting sequences required for encapsidation of duck hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA". Journal of Virology. 65 (6): 3309–3316. doi:10.1128/JVI.65.6.3309-3316.1991. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   240989 . PMID   2033673.
  12. ↑ Hirsch, R. C.; Lavine, J. E.; Chang, L. J.; Varmus, H. E.; Ganem, D. (1990). "Polymerase gene products of hepatitis B viruses are required for genomic RNA packaging as wel as for reverse transcription". Nature. 344 (6266): 552–555. doi:10.1038/344552a0. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   1690862.
  13. ↑ Tavis, J. E.; Perri, S.; Ganem, D. (1994). "Hepadnavirus reverse transcription initiates within the stem-loop of the RNA packaging signal and employs a novel strand transfer". Journal of Virology. 68 (6): 3536–3543. doi:10.1128/JVI.68.6.3536-3543.1994. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   236857 . PMID   8189492.
  14. ↑ Loeb, D. D.; Hirsch, R. C.; Ganem, D. (1991). "Sequence-independent RNA cleavages generate the primers for plus strand DNA synthesis in hepatitis B viruses: implications for other reverse transcribing elements". The EMBO Journal. 10 (11): 3533–3540. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04917.x. ISSN   0261-4189. PMC   453082 . PMID   1915307.
  15. ↑ Staprans, S.; Loeb, D. D.; Ganem, D. (1991). "Mutations affecting hepadnavirus plus-strand DNA synthesis dissociate primer cleavage from translocation and reveal the origin of linear viral DNA". Journal of Virology. 65 (3): 1255–1262. doi:10.1128/JVI.65.3.1255-1262.1991. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   239899 . PMID   1704925.
  16. ↑ Yang, W.; Summers, J. (1999). "Integration of hepadnavirus DNA in infected liver: evidence for a linear precursor". Journal of Virology. 73 (12): 9710–9717. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.12.9710-9717.1999. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   113017 . PMID   10559280.
  17. ↑ Chang, Y.; Cesarman, E.; Pessin, M. S.; Lee, F.; Culpepper, J.; Knowles, D. M.; Moore, P. S. (1994). "Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma". Science (New York, N.Y.). 266 (5192): 1865–1869. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1865C. doi:10.1126/science.7997879. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   7997879.
  18. ↑ Renne, R.; Zhong, W.; Herndier, B.; McGrath, M.; Abbey, N.; Kedes, D.; Ganem, D. (1996). "Lytic growth of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture". Nature Medicine. 2 (3): 342–346. doi:10.1038/nm0396-342. ISSN   1078-8956. PMID   8612236.
  19. ↑ Kedes, D. H.; Operskalski, E.; Busch, M.; Kohn, R.; Flood, J.; Ganem, D. (1996). "The seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus): distribution of infection in KS risk groups and evidence for sexual transmission". Nature Medicine. 2 (8): 918–924. doi:10.1038/nm0896-918. ISSN   1078-8956. PMID   8705863.
  20. ↑ Martin, J. N.; Ganem, D. E.; Osmond, D. H.; Page-Shafer, K. A.; Macrae, D.; Kedes, D. H. (1998). "Sexual transmission and the natural history of human herpesvirus 8 infection". The New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (14): 948–954. doi:10.1056/NEJM199804023381403. ISSN   0028-4793. PMID   9521982.
  21. ↑ Gao, S. J.; Kingsley, L.; Li, M.; Zheng, W.; Parravicini, C.; Ziegler, J.; Newton, R.; Rinaldo, C. R.; Saah, A.; Phair, J.; Detels, R.; Chang, Y.; Moore, P. S. (1996). "KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi's sarcoma". Nature Medicine. 2 (8): 925–928. doi:10.1038/nm0896-925. ISSN   1078-8956. PMID   8705864.
  22. ↑ Zhong, W.; Wang, H.; Herndier, B.; Ganem, D. (1996). "Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (13): 6641–6646. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.13.6641 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   39079 . PMID   8692871.
  23. ↑ Dittmer, D.; Lagunoff, M.; Renne, R.; Staskus, K.; Haase, A.; Ganem, D. (1998). "A cluster of latently expressed genes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus". Journal of Virology. 72 (10): 8309–8315. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.10.8309-8315.1998. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   110196 . PMID   9733875.
  24. ↑ Lukac, D. M.; Renne, R.; Kirshner, J. R.; Ganem, D. (1998). "Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection from latency by expression of the ORF 50 transactivator, a homolog of the EBV R protein". Virology. 252 (2): 304–312. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9486. ISSN   0042-6822. PMID   9878608.
  25. ↑ Kirshner, J. R.; Lukac, D. M.; Chang, J.; Ganem, D. (2000). "Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 57 encodes a posttranscriptional regulator with multiple distinct activities". Journal of Virology. 74 (8): 3586–3597. doi:10.1128/jvi.74.8.3586-3597.2000. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   111868 . PMID   10729134.
  26. ↑ Liang, Y.; Chang, J.; Lynch, S. J.; Lukac, D. M.; Ganem, D. (2002). "The lytic switch protein of KSHV activates gene expression via functional interaction with RBP-Jkappa (CSL), the target of the Notch signaling pathway". Genes & Development. 16 (15): 1977–1989. doi:10.1101/gad.996502. ISSN   0890-9369. PMC   186409 . PMID   12154127.
  27. ↑ Lagunoff, M.; Majeti, R.; Weiss, A.; Ganem, D. (1999). "Deregulated signal transduction by the K1 gene product of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (10): 5704–5709. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5704 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   21924 . PMID   10318948.
  28. ↑ Grossmann, C.; Podgrabinska, S.; Skobe, M.; Ganem, D. (2006). "Activation of NF-kappaB by the latent vFLIP gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is required for the spindle shape of virus-infected endothelial cells and contributes to their proinflammatory phenotype". Journal of Virology. 80 (14): 7179–7185. doi:10.1128/JVI.01603-05. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   1489050 . PMID   16809323.
  29. ↑ Coscoy, L.; Ganem, D. (2000). "Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes two proteins that block cell surface display of MHC class I chains by enhancing their endocytosis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (14): 8051–8056. doi: 10.1073/pnas.140129797 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   16668 . PMID   10859362.
  30. ↑ Coscoy, L.; Ganem, D. (2001). "A viral protein that selectively downregulates ICAM-1 and B7-2 and modulates T cell costimulation". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 107 (12): 1599–1606. doi:10.1172/JCI12432. ISSN   0021-9738. PMC   200195 . PMID   11413168.
  31. ↑ Madrid, A. S.; Ganem, D. (2012). "Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF54/dUTPase downregulates a ligand for the NK activating receptor NKp44". Journal of Virology. 86 (16): 8693–8704. doi:10.1128/JVI.00252-12. ISSN   1098-5514. PMC   3421743 . PMID   22674989.
  32. ↑ Sullivan, C. S.; Grundhoff, A. T.; Tevethia, S.; Pipas, J. M.; Ganem, D. (2005). "SV40-encoded microRNAs regulate viral gene expression and reduce susceptibility to cytotoxic T cells". Nature. 435 (7042): 682–686. doi:10.1038/nature03576. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   15931223.
  33. ↑ Wang, D.; Coscoy, L.; Zylberberg, M.; Avila, P. C.; Boushey, H. A.; Ganem, D.; DeRisi, J. L. (2002). "Microarray-based detection and genotyping of viral pathogens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (24): 15687–15692. doi: 10.1073/pnas.242579699 . PMC   137777 . PMID   12429852.
  34. ↑ Kistler, A. L.; Gancz, A.; Clubb, S.; Skewes-Cox, P.; Fischer, K.; Sorber, K.; Chiu, C. Y.; Lublin, A.; Mechani, S.; Farnoushi, Y.; Greninger, A.; Wen, C. C.; Karlene, S. B.; Ganem, D.; DeRisi, J. L. (2008). "Recovery of divergent avian bornaviruses from cases of proventricular dilatation disease: identification of a candidate etiologic agent". Virology Journal. 5 (1): 88. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-5-88 . ISSN   1743-422X. PMC   2546392 . PMID   18671869.
  35. ↑ Chandriani, S.; Skewes-Cox, P.; Zhong, W.; Ganem, D. E.; Divers, T. J.; Van Blaricum, A. J.; Tennant, B. C.; Kistler, A. L. (2013). "Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (15): E1407–1415. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219217110 . ISSN   1091-6490. PMC   3625295 . PMID   23509292.
  36. ↑ "Donald Emil Ganem". American Academy of Arts & Sciences (amacad.org). 18 October 2023.
  37. ↑ "Past Presidents". American Society for Virology (asv.org).
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