Drew White

Last updated
Drew White QC
NationalityCanadian
OccupationAttorney
Known forProsecuting human rights violations

Drew White (QC) is an international lawyer from Canada [1] best known for his role in the conviction of Colonel Theoneste Bagosora, who the media dubbed "the mastermind" [2] [3] of the 1994 Rwanda genocide and who White referred to in his closing trial submissions as one of the "enemies of the human race". [4] [5] [6]

Contents

International criminal prosecutions

In total, between October 2000 and December 2011, White prosecuted the trials of six accused [7] at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (UNICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania, resulting in five convictions and life sentences at trial (four sentences were reduced on appeal). [8]

The 'Military 1' Trial

Between 11 and 16 November 2005 [9] [10] White cross-examined Colonel Bagosora [11] obtaining the admission that Bagosora had been just outside the office door where ten Belgian UN peacekeepers had sought refuge and were under attack by Rwandan Government Forces on the morning of 7 April 1994. [12] White had Bagosora concede that the Colonel knew that some of the 10 Belgians had been killed and some were still alive and that when he left the scene he expected the remaining Belgian peacekeepers to be killed. [13] That concession was a key piece of evidence upon which Bagosora was convicted of the murder of some of the peacekeepers. [14] White's lengthy cross-examination also helped to ground Bagosora's conviction at trial on numerous other counts of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, [15] including the murder and sexual violation of Rwandan prime minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana [16] and the murder of the chief justice of the constitutional court, Joseph Kavaruganda. [17] [18]

Between 19 and 27 January 2004, [19] during the prosecution phase of the ‘Military 1 Trial’, [20] [21] White presented prosecution witness Lieutenant-General Romeo Dallaire [22] of the Canadian Armed Forces [23] (now Senator Dallaire), [24] the UNAMIR force commander [25] whose testimony was central to the case [26] and was reported to be the most-watched media event in the history of the ICTR, with an "unprecedented number of international reporters". [27] [28] White's examinations of Dallaire and his aide, Major Brent Beardsley, [29] extracted key evidence from the two witnesses [30] who had been obviously shaken from the experience of their observations in 1994. [31] Portions of that evidence [32] have become so widely known they are now central to the general public's understanding of the events in Rwanda, [33] such as Colonel Bagosora being the "kingpin" [34] whom the Trial Chamber confirmed was in charge on the morning of April 7, [35] as well as the evidence of sexual crimes, particularly as described by Maj. Beardsley. [36]

Other notable cross-examinations conducted by White in the ‘Military 1’ case include former Rwandan prime minister Jean Kambanda, [37] Colonel Luc Marchal [38] of the Belgian Armed Forces, and Joseph Nzirorera [39] the former head of the MRND political party and the president of the National Assembly. [8] [40]

UK journalist and author Linda Melvern, in her book "Conspiracy to Murder" repeatedly cited White's "methodical and thorough" [41] cross-examination of Col. Bagosora for the significance of the evidence that was adduced. [42] Following the December 2008 ‘Military 1’ trial judgement, CNN broadcast a special report by correspondent Christiane Amanpour, who reported that for international criminal law the case was a "milestone in justice" and of "enormous importance" [43] and commented that "... I have been watching this case from the beginning, and they said it couldn’t be done but let me tell you it has just been done ...". [44]

The 'Gatete' Trial

The 2011 conviction of government minister Jean-Baptiste Gatete for genocide and crimes against humanity [45] [46] was notable partly because the trial also established the grounds for Conspiracy to Commit Genocide, [47] a conviction which was held on appeal. The case thus stands as one of the very few to convict for Conspiracy to Commit Genocide. [48] Minister Gatete elected not to testify and therefore avoided cross-examination. [49] White's closing submissions [50] that Gatete be convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment were accepted by the trial court. [51] The appellate court later reduced the sentence to a term of 40 years because of a 7-year delay between the time of arrest and trial. [52] [53]

The 'Nizeyimana' Trial

The 2012 conviction of Captain Ildephonse Nizeyimana for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes [54] [55] and for the April 1994 murder of the elderly Tutsi queen Rosalie Gicanda [56] in the town of Butare [57] was another legal milestone [58] that received significant public and media attention. [59] [60] It was the final trial of a Rwandan military officer at the ICTR. Distinctly, prosecution of the Nizeyimana case was recognized by the trial court as "... one of the fastest completions of a trial of this size in the history of the tribunal", after having heard 84 witnesses in 56 days. [61] [62] Captain Nizeyimana elected not to testify and therefore avoided cross-examination. The trial court followed White's closing submissions and sentenced Nizeyimana to life imprisonment but on 29 September 2014 the appellate court reduced the sentence to a term of 35 years, while upholding the majority of the convictions. [63]

Written Advocacy

In addition to courtroom advocacy White was a prolific legal writer in the course of the ICTR prosecutions, making significant written contributions to numerous indictments, two pre-trial briefs, three final briefs [64] [65] [66] and several hundred interlocutory proceedings on points of law and evidence. [67] The ‘Military 1’ final brief alone exceeded 950 pages in length, and began with White's authorship of an overview section entitled ‘The Philosophy of Genocide’ that placed the trial evidence of the events into a broader context. [68] Most of these contributions were during a period when there was little practical legal precedent in international criminal law and many of the issues were being dealt with for the first time. [69]

International Criminal Law Contemporaries

During the various prosecutions White worked with prosecution teams and alongside numerous other colleagues, some prominent in international criminal law, including Chile Eboe-Osuji, [70] currently a judge and President of the ICC-CPI, [71] Fatou Bensouda, [72] [73] currently the chief prosecutor of the ICC-CPI, [74] James Kirkpatrick Stewart, currently the deputy prosecutor of the ICC-CPI, [75] Stephen Rapp, [76] currently the global justice special ambassador for the USA State Dept., [77] Dr. Alex Obote-Odora, [78] currently a Stockholm University professor and author [79] and Dr. Alison Des Forges [80] (deceased 2009) the Rwanda historian and Human Rights Watch advisor who once observed that White was "... probably the only living person to have challenged Colonel Bagosora to his face." [81]

International Human Rights Investigations

White’s human rights work supporting accountability through international investigations includes Rwanda, Libya, Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. He was the Reporting Officer and Legal Advisor to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) [82] Investigation on Libya in 2015 (OIOL) [83] [84] producing a report for the Human Rights Council. [85] In 2016 for the Commission for International Justice and Accountability (CIJA) [86] he prepared an analysis report of evidence documenting extensive crimes and abuses in Syria and Iraq. During 2017-2019 he led human rights field teams to document civilian casualties, war crimes and crimes against humanity in Afghanistan, for the United Nations Assistance Mission for Afghanistan (UNAMA). [87] [88]

White's first trial was a prosecution in February 1988 at the youth court in Halifax, Nova Scotia while he was a student in the Criminal Law Clinic of Dalhousie Law School. Later that year he articled and then set up legal practice in Vancouver, British Columbia where he both defended individual clients and did ad hoc prosecutions on contract with the Provincial attorney-general's ministry, until 2000 when he contracted exclusively with the United Nations. [89]

Education and professional standing

White holds a law degree from Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia and a philosophy degree from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia. [90] He appears on the List of Counsel [91] authorized to practice before the International Criminal Court, he is a member of the International Criminal Bar Association (BPI-ICB) [92] and since 1989 he has been a member of the Law Society of British Columbia (LSBC), where he is a barrister, solicitor and notary public. [93]

White was appointed as a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 2019. [94] [95] [96] The appointment was made by the Attorney-General of British Columbia, the Honourable David Eby QC, following a recommendation by an advisory committee that included the Chief Justice of British Columbia, Robert J. Bauman, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, Christopher E. Hinkson, [97] [98] the Chief Judge of the Provincial Court of British Columbia, Melissa Gillespie, [99] the President of the Law Society of BC, Nancy G. Merrill QC, [100] and the President of the Canadian Bar Association-BC Branch, Kenneth Armstrong QC. [101]

Media Appearances

White appears briefly on-screen in director Christophe Gargot's French language documentary film “D’ Arusha a Arusha” Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine (2009) [102] [103] that examines the process of international criminal tribunals and which features notable personalities including Paul Kagame, Navanethem Pillay, Erik Mose, Carla Del Ponte, Ramsey Clark, Faustin Twagiramungu, Laurien Ntezimana, Georges Ruggiu, Theoneste Bagosora and Raphael Constant. [103] White appears in an excerpt from the ‘Military 1’ courtroom, making submissions about the state of the evidence regarding the shooting down of the plane on 6 April 1994 that killed Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira. [104]

Following the completion of the Bagosora prosecution and the 'Military 1' trial, White gave a feature interview on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) national Radio One network to Matt Galloway for The Current news and information broadcast on 23 July 2007. The interview was selected as an 'Editor's Choice' as the highlight of the broadcast day and published online in the MeFeedia podcast system. [105]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</span> 1994 court of the United Nations Security Council

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was an international court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to adjudicate people charged for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. The court eventually convicted 61 individuals and acquitted 14.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roméo Dallaire</span> Canadian retired general and politician (b. 1946)

Roméo Antonius Dallaire is a retired Canadian politician and military officer who was a senator from Quebec from 2005 to 2014, and a lieutenant-general in the Canadian Armed Forces. He notably was the force commander of UNAMIR, the ill-fated United Nations peacekeeping force for Rwanda between 1993 and 1994, and for trying to stop the genocide that was being waged by Hutu extremists against Tutsis. Dallaire is a Senior Fellow at the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies (MIGS) and co-director of the MIGS Will to Intervene Project.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rwandan genocide</span> 1994 genocide in Rwanda

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Théoneste Bagosora</span> Rwandan military officer (1941–2021)

Théoneste Bagosora was a Rwandan military officer. He was chiefly known for his key role in the 1994 Rwandan genocide for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). In 2011, the sentence was reduced to 35 years' imprisonment on appeal. He was due to be imprisoned until he was 89. According to René Lemarchand, Bagosora was "the chief organizer of the killings". On 25 September 2021, he died in a prison hospital in Mali, where he was being treated for heart issues.

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Ildephonse Hategekimana is a Rwandan soldier who participated in the Rwandan genocide.

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Peter Robinson is an American lawyer who has defended political and military leaders at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunals. His clients include Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić, Rwandan National Assembly President Joseph Nzirorera, Yugoslav Army Chief of Staff Dragoljub Ojdanic, and the lawyer for Liberian President Charles Taylor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kantano Habimana</span> Rwandan journalist

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Segun Jegede is an international lawyer from Nigeria who has practiced law for over three decades at domestic and international level. A prolific writer and author, Jegede's career highlights comprise his extensive work of over 13 years at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (UNICTR), and advocacy work in international criminal law through the Legal Watch and Human Rights Initiative, a registered non-profit organization he co-founded. His work at the UNICTR mainly revolved around the investigation and prosecution of some of the known masterminds of the egregious crimes committed during the Rwandan genocide. His perspectives of the historical events which led to the Rwandan genocide and the ground breaking case law generated by the UNICTR established to prosecute those who bear the greatest responsibility for the genocide are documented in his book, “The Rwandan Genocide: Historical Background and Jurisprudence”. In the book, Jegede provides a riveting account of the pre-genocide history of Rwanda, including the often overlooked elements that make the Rwandan genocide one of the worst human tragedies of our time. Through the cases, in an engaging and candid style, the Author reveals several ground breaking decisions of the UNICTR such as the pronouncement of rape as genocide and the conviction of a woman for rape as a crime against humanity. Jegede serves as a consultant for the International Labour Organization (ILO) on human trafficking issues and the National Human Rights Commission.

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References

  1. ↑ CBC Radio, 'The Current', July 23, 2007; "Rwandan Genocide prosecutor Drew White"
  2. ↑ "Mastermind of Rwanda Genocide gets life" NBC 18 Dec 2008; "Mastermind of Rwanda genocide gets life". NBC News . 18 December 2008.
  3. ↑ "Rwanda Genocide Mastermind Jailed" BBC 18 Dec 2008; "BBC NEWS | Africa | Rwanda genocide mastermind jailed". 18 December 2008.
  4. ↑ UNICTR transcripts: "[Military 1] Bagosora et al. – redacted transcript of 01/06/2007" at page 47, line 4; see doc.TRA004329/01 at
  5. ↑ "Rwanda genocide trial finishes after 5 years", 1 June 2007, The Guardian; "Rwanda genocide trial finishes after 5 years | World news | The Guardian". TheGuardian.com . June 2007.
  6. ↑ " 'Enemies of humanity' jailed for war crimes • International tribunal convicts ex-defence chief • Verdict 'most important since Nuremberg'", 19 December 2008, The Guardian; "'Enemies of humanity' jailed for war crimes | Rwanda | The Guardian". TheGuardian.com . 19 December 2008.
  7. ↑ (1) Col. Theoneste BAGOSORA; (2) Gen. Graetin KABILIGI; (3) Maj. Aloys NTABAKUZE; (4) Col. Anatole NSENGIYUMVA; (5) Capt. Ildephonse NIZEYIMANA; (6) Minister Jean-Baptiste GATETE.
  8. 1 2 UNICTR ‘Status of Detainees’; "The Cases | United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda".
  9. ↑ UNICTR ‘Daily Minutes of Proceedings’, 11, 14, 15 & 16 Nov 2005; Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CBagosora%5Cminutes%5C2005%5C275-051111.pdf Archived 2014-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS - Case No. ICTR-98-41-T - TRIAL DAY 278" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  11. ↑ ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN RIGHTS, David P. Forsythe, (2009) Oxford Univ. Press. Topic: "Bagosora trial" pp. 1141, 1927-1931
  12. ↑ UNICTR Transcripts: "[Military 1] Bagosora et al. – redacted transcript of 15/11/2005" at pages 12-30; see doc.TRA003162/02 at
  13. ↑ UNICTR Transcripts: "[Military 1] Bagosora et al. – redacted transcript of 15/11/2005" at pages 24-25; see doc.TRA003162/02 at
  14. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 18 Dec 2008; Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); at pages 198-199, paragraphs 792, 793 and 796; http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CBagosora%5CJudgement%5C081218.pdf Archived 2012-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 18 Dec 2008; Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); at page 568, Chapter 5 ‘Verdict’, paragraph 2258.
  16. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 18 Dec 2008; Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); at paragraphs 2178, 2179, 2186, 2194, 2210, 2213, 2224 and 2245.
  17. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 18 Dec 2008; Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); at paragraphs 2178, 2179, 2186, 2194, 2210, 2213 and 2245;
  18. ↑ UNICTR Judgement Summary: 18 Dec 2008; Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T) at page 6, paragraph 41; http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CBagosora%5CJudgement%5C081218_summary.pdf Archived 2014-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ UNICTR ‘Daily Minutes of Proceedings’, Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); See for example 19 Jan 2004: http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case\English\Bagosora\minutes\2004\190104.pd [ permanent dead link ]
  20. ↑ The Prosecutor v. Theoneste Bagosora, Graetin Kabiligi, Aloys Ntabakuze and Anatole Nsengiyumva (ICTR-98-41-T)
  21. ↑ NOTE: Also known as the "Bagosora et al. trial" and by the ICTR Registry as the "Military trial" prior to the September 2004 commencement of the trial "Ndindiliyimana et al." (ICTR-00-56-T) which became known as the "Military 2 trial". Also see UNICTR Press Spokesman ‘Background Note’ to Military Trial, 15 March 2002; http://www.unictr.org/tabid/155/Default.aspx?id=302 Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN RIGHTS, David P. Forsythe, (2009) Oxford Univ. Press. Topic: "Dallaire" pp.386-387; 465-469; 960.
  23. ↑ "Senator Roméo Dallaire - Sénateur Roméo Dallaire". Archived from the original on 2014-03-13. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  24. ↑ "Senators - Detailed Information". Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  25. ↑ "CBC Archives".
  26. ↑ Nolen, Stephanie (20 January 2004). "Dallaire testifies at Rwanda tribunal - The Globe and Mail". The Globe and Mail.
  27. ↑ UNICTR spokesman Roland Amoussouga, 3 February 2004 "We have never had the press coverage that we have now, ... This is a defining moment for the tribunal in terms of reaching out to the rest of the world. It is helping the ICTR put its case to the international community."
  28. ↑ "The New Humanitarian | Vaginal douching increases HIV risk". 16 January 2006.
  29. ↑ "Biography of Major Brent Beardsley - Canadian University Press Releases". Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
  30. ↑ UNICTR ‘Daily Minutes of Proceedings’, Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); See for example 30 Jan 2004: http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CBagosora%5Cminutes%5C2004%5C300104.pdf Archived 2014-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ "Troubled Dallaire relive Rwanda horror", Standard, December 9, 2011 "Troubled Dallaire relive Rwanda horror | umuvugizi". 9 December 2011.
  32. ↑ UNICTR Transcripts: "[Military 1] Bagosora et al. – redacted transcript of 19/01/2004" at page 46, line 13; see doc.TRA002392/02 at
  33. ↑ "’Enemies of Humanity’ Jailed for War Crimes" "'Enemies of humanity' jailed for war crimes | Rwanda | The Guardian". TheGuardian.com . 19 December 2008.
  34. ↑ "‘Kingpin’ Convicted of Rwanda Genocide" "Canada.Com | Homepage | Canada.Com".
  35. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 18 Dec 2008; Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); at page 516, paragraph 2031, page 547, paragraph 2158 and page 552, paragraphs 2178 & 2179.
  36. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 18 Dec 2008; Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); at page 243, paragraphs 974-977 and page 245, paragraphs 983-985.
  37. ↑ UNICTR ‘Daily Minutes of Proceedings’, Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); July 11, 12, 13 & Nov. 20 2006
  38. ↑ UNICTR ‘Daily Minutes of Proceedings’, Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); Nov. 30, Dec. 1, 4, 5 & 6 2006
  39. ↑ UNICTR ‘Daily Minutes of Proceedings’, Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); Mar. 16, 17 & June 12, 2006
  40. ↑ "INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA - The PROSECUTOR v. Édouard KAREMERA, Mathieu GIRUMPATSE, Joseph NZIRORERA - Case No. ICTR-98-44- Amended Indictment of 24 August 2005" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  41. ↑ Conspiracy to Murder’, Melvern, L., (2004), p. 283;
  42. ↑ ‘Conspiracy to Murder’, Melvern, L., (2004), p. 281; p.283; p.287 footnote 36; p.290 footnote 56; p.292 footnote 98; p.304 footnote 85; p.308 footnote 63; p.312 footnote 81.
  43. ↑ "Trio found guilty of Rwandan genocide" 19 December 2008 "Trio found guilty of Rwandan genocide - CNN.com".
  44. ↑ "Trio found guilty of Rwandan genocide, December 19, 2008 -- Updated 1427 GMT (2227 HKT)" "Trio found guilty of Rwandan genocide - CNN.com".
  45. ↑ UNICTR Judgement Summary: 31 March 2011; The Prosecutor v Jean Baptiste Gatete, (ICTR-00-61-T): http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CGatete%5Cjudgement%5C110331_summary.pdf Archived 2014-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 31 March 2011; The Prosecutor v Jean Baptiste Gatete, (ICTR-00-61-T): http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CGatete%5Cjudgement%5C110331.pdf Archived 2012-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 31 March 2011; The Prosecutor v Jean Baptiste Gatete, (ICTR-00-61-T); at pages 156-160, paragraphs 619, 625 & 629, and at pages 165-167, paragraphs 654-662.
  48. ↑ UNICTR Appeals Judgement Summary: 9 October 2012; The Prosecutor v Jean Baptiste Gatete, (ICTR-00-61-A); at page 4, paragraphs 16-17 and page 5. http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CGatete%5Cjudgement%5C121009%20-%20Summary%20Judgement.pdf Archived 2013-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2014-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  51. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2014-03-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  52. ↑ Summary AC Judgement, paras 7,20 & 21; http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CGatete%5Cjudgement%5C121009%20-%20Summary%20Judgement.pdf Archived 2013-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ↑ "Baptiste Gatete, the man who was ‘skilled at cruelty, wicked to the soul’"; "Rwanda: Baptiste Gatete, the Man Who Was 'skilled At Cruelty, Wicked to the Soul' - allAfrica.com".
  54. ↑ UNICTR Judgement Summary: 19 June 2012; The Prosecutor v Ildephonse Nizeyimana, (ICTR-00-55C-T); at page 7: http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case/English/Nizeyimana/Judgment/120619-Summary%20of%20Judgment.pdf Archived 2012-09-02 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 19 June 2012; The Prosecutor v Ildephonse Nizeyimana, (ICTR-00-55C-T): http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CNizeyimana%5CJudgment%5CJUDGEMENT%20AND%20SENTENCE.pdf Archived 2012-09-02 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 19 June 2012; The Prosecutor v Ildephonse Nizeyimana, (ICTR-00-55C-T); at pages 4-5, paragraphs 27-29 and at pages 422-424, paragraphs 1510-1518.
  57. ↑ "butcher of Butare" at
  58. ↑ "ICTR News Detail". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  59. ↑ "Nizeyimana Convicted of Killing Queen Gicanda" at "Rwanda genocide: Nizeyimana convicted of killing Queen Gicanda - BBC News". BBC News. 19 June 2012.
  60. ↑ "Rwanda: Captain Nizeyimana Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - allAfrica.com".
  61. ↑ UNICTR Judgement Summary: 19 June 2012; The Prosecutor v Ildephonse Nizeyimana, (ICTR-00-55C-T); at page 1, paragraph 1, sentence 1.
  62. ↑ UNICTR Transcripts: "Nizeyimana – redacted transcript of 19/06/2012"
  63. ↑ "ICTR News Detail". Archived from the original on 2014-09-30. Retrieved 2014-09-30.
  64. ↑ UNICTR ‘Public Judicial Records Database’, 'Submissions from Parties' 2 March 2007: "[Military 1] Bagosora et al. – PROSECUTOR’S FINAL BRIEF (Redacted Public Version)" http://trim.unictr.org/webdrawer/rec/88334/view/%5BMILITARY%20I%5D%20-%20BAGOSORA%20ET%20-%20PROSECUTORS%20FINAL%20BRIEF%20%28REDACTED%29.PDF [ permanent dead link ]
  65. ↑ UNICTR ‘Public Judicial Records Database’, 'Submissions from Parties' 25 June 2010: "Prosecutor v. Jean Baptiste Gatete – PROSECUTOR’S CLOSING BRIEF" [initially filed Publicly and later re-filed Confidentially by Order of the Trial Chamber]
  66. ↑ UNICTR ‘Public Judicial Records Database’, 'Submissions from Parties' 9 November 2011: "Prosecutor v. Ildephonse Nizeyimana – PROSECUTOR’S CLOSING BRIEF (Public & Redacted Version)" http://trim.unictr.org/webdrawer/rec/172529/view/NIZEYIMANA%20-%20PROSECUTORS%20CLOSING%20BRIEF%20-%20PUBLIC%20AND%20REDACTED.PDF [ permanent dead link ]
  67. ↑ UNICTR Judgement: 18 Dec 2008; Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); See the full judgement at page 1, footnote 1;
  68. ↑ UNICTR ‘Public Judicial Records Database’, 'Submissions from Parties' 2 March 2007: "[Military 1] Bagosora et al. – PROSECUTOR’S FINAL BRIEF (Redacted Public Version)" at page 11-15, paragraphs 11-23; see doc. TRIM 00034456 at ICTR-98-41-1816/1
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  70. ↑ UNICTR ‘Daily Minutes of Proceedings’, Bagosora et al., (ICTR-98-41-T); See for example 15 Nov. 2001: http://www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case%5CEnglish%5CBagosora%5Cminutes%5C2001%5Cnov%5C151101.pdf Archived 2012-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
  71. ↑ ICC-CPI ‘Structure of the Court’; http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/structure%20of%20the%20court/chambers/the%20judges/Pages/judge%20chile%20eboe_osuji%20_nigeria_.aspx Archived 2014-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
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  77. ↑ USA State Department;
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  97. ↑ "Supreme Court - Members of the Supreme Court".
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  103. 1 2 D’ Arusha a Arusha at IMDb   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
  104. ↑ UNICTR transcripts: "[Military 1] Bagosora et al. – redacted transcript of 01/06/2007" at page 42, lines 5-29; see doc.TRA004329/01 at
  105. ↑ July 24th: Rwandan Genocide prosecutor Drew White http://www.mefeedia.com/entry/3147617
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