The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was a body of the United Nations that was established to prosecute the war crimes that had been committed during the Yugoslav Wars and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal was an ad hoc court located in The Hague,Netherlands.
Universal jurisdiction is a legal principle that allows states or international organizations to claim criminal jurisdiction over an accused person regardless of where the alleged crime was committed,and regardless of the accused's nationality,country of residence,or any other relation to the prosecuting entity. Crimes prosecuted under universal jurisdiction are considered crimes against all,too serious to tolerate jurisdictional arbitrage. The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that some international norms are erga omnes,or owed to the entire world community,as well as to the concept of jus cogens –that certain international law obligations are binding on all states.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was an international court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to adjudicate people charged for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda,or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states,between 1 January and 31 December 1994. The court eventually convicted 61 individuals and acquitted 14.
Pierre-Richard Prosper is an American lawyer,prosecutor and former government official. He served as the second United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005.
The United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice is the head of the Office of Global Criminal Justice in the United States Department of State. The ambassador-at-large advises the United States Secretary of State and the Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security,Democracy,and Human Rights directly and formulates U.S. policy responses to atrocities committed in areas of conflict and elsewhere throughout the world. As the President’s envoy,this Ambassador travels worldwide engaging heads of state and international organizations to build bilateral and international support for U.S. policies. As part of this,the Ambassador visits affected countries and engages a range of diplomatic,legal,economic,military,and intelligence tools to help secure peace and stability and build the rule of law. As the head of the Office of Global Criminal Justice,this Ambassador also has the rank of Assistant Secretary.
Carla Del Ponte is a Swiss former Chief Prosecutor of two United Nations international criminal law tribunals. A former Swiss attorney general,she was appointed prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in August 1999,replacing Louise Arbour.
Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) is a US-based not-for-profit human rights NGO that uses medicine and science to document and advocate against mass atrocities and severe human rights violations around the world. PHR headquarters are in New York City,with offices in Boston,Washington,D.C.,as well as Nairobi. It was established in 1986 to use the unique skills and credibility of health professionals to advocate for persecuted health workers,prevent torture,document mass atrocities,and hold those who violate human rights accountable.
Theodor Meron,is an American-Israeli lawyer and judge. He served as a judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY),International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR),and the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (Mechanism). He served as President of the ICTY four times and inaugural President of the Mechanism for three terms (2012–19).
International criminal law (ICL) is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide,war crimes,crimes against humanity,and the crime of aggression.
The responsibility to protect is a global political commitment which was endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly at the 2005 World Summit in order to address its four key concerns to prevent genocide,war crimes,ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The doctrine is regarded as a unanimous and well-established international norm over the past two decades.
Gregory H. Stanton is the former research professor in Genocide Studies and Prevention at the George Mason University in Fairfax County,Virginia,United States. He is best known for his work in the area of genocide studies. He is the founder and president of Genocide Watch,the founder and director of the Cambodian Genocide Project,and the Chair of the Alliance Against Genocide. From 2007 to 2009 he was the president of the International Association of Genocide Scholars.
The Völkerstrafgesetzbuch,abbreviated VStGB,is a German law that regulates crimes against (public) international law. It allows cases to be brought against suspects under international criminal law provisions,meaning that suspects can be prosecuted even though both they and their victims are foreigners and the crime itself took place abroad.
William Anthony Schabas,OC is a Canadian academic specialising in international criminal and human rights law. He is professor of international law at Middlesex University in the United Kingdom,professor of international human law and human rights at Leiden University in the Netherlands,and an internationally respected expert on human rights law,genocide and the death penalty.
An atrocity crime is a violation of international criminal law that falls under the historically three legally defined international crimes of genocide,war crimes,and crimes against humanity. Ethnic cleansing is widely regarded as a fourth mass atrocity crime by legal scholars and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the field,despite not yet being recognized as an independent crime under international law.
The Office of Global Criminal Justice (J/GCJ),formerly called the Office of War Crimes Issues (S/WCI),is an office within the United States Department of State.
The Atrocities Prevention Board (APB) is an interagency committee consisting of U.S. officials from the National Security Council,the Departments of State,Defense,Justice,and Treasury,the U.S. Agency for International Development,and the U.S. Intelligence Community. The board meets monthly to assess the long-term risks of atrocities around the world.
Prevention of genocide is any action that works toward averting future genocides. Genocides take a lot of planning,resources,and involved parties to carry out,they do not just happen instantaneously. Scholars in the field of genocide studies have identified a set of widely agreed upon risk factors that make a country or social group more at risk of carrying out a genocide,which include a wide range of political and cultural factors that create a context in which genocide is more likely,such as political upheaval or regime change,as well as psychological phenomena that can be manipulated and taken advantage of in large groups of people,like conformity and cognitive dissonance. Genocide prevention depends heavily on the knowledge and surveillance of these risk factors,as well as the identification of early warning signs of genocide beginning to occur.
Bongani Christopher Majola is an advocate of the High Court of South Africa,an academic,human rights scholar,and the previous Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). He currently serves as the chairperson of the South African Human Rights Commission.
Gregory S. Gordon is an American professor and scholar of international law and former Legal Officer for the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICTR. Gordon is known for his academic work calling for the criminalization under international law of a broader category of speech likely to cause and/or fuel mass atrocities,and his book Atrocity Speech Law:Foundation,Fragmentation,Fruition in which he advances this argument.
Beth Van Schaack is an American attorney and academic who serves as the United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice.
