A DNA sequencer is a scientific instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process. Given a sample of DNA, a DNA sequencer is used to determine the order of the four bases: G (guanine), C (cytosine), A (adenine) and T (thymine). This is then reported as a text string, called a read. Some DNA sequencers can be also considered optical instruments as they analyze light signals originating from fluorochromes attached to nucleotides.
The John Innes Centre (JIC), located in Norwich, Norfolk, England, is an independent centre for research and training in plant and microbial science founded in 1910. It is a registered charity grant-aided by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), the European Research Council (ERC) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and is a member of the Norwich Research Park.
Affymetrix is now Applied Biosystems, a brand of DNA microarray products sold by Thermo Fisher Scientific that originated with an American biotechnology research and development and manufacturing company of the same name. The Santa Clara, California-based Affymetrix, Inc. now a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific was founded by Stephen Fodor and his group, based on their earlier development of methods to fabricate DNA microarrays using semiconductor manufacturing techniques.
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), part of UK Research and Innovation, is a non-departmental public body (NDPB), and is the largest UK public funder of non-medical bioscience. It predominantly funds scientific research institutes and university research departments in the UK.
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery.
This is an example of a molecular biology core developed in an academic institution over the past 35 years. These molecular biology cores are now commonplace and necessary in that they provide NIH funded academic labs access to expensive instrumentation in a shared use setting.
John Frederick William Birney is joint director with Rolf Apweiler of EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire and deputy director general of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). He also serves as non-executive director of Genomics England, chair of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) and honorary professor of bioinformatics at the University of Cambridge. Birney has made significant contributions to genomics, through his development of innovative bioinformatics and computational biology tools. He previously served as an associate faculty member at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
CLC bio was a bioinformatics software company headquartered in Aarhus, Denmark, and with offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Tokyo, Taipei and Delhi. CLC bio's software has more than 250,000 users in more than 100 countries around the globe. CLC bio was acquired by QIAGEN in 2013, and continues to exist as a part of QIAGEN Digital Insights, the bioinformatics research and development division of QIAGEN.
Illumina, Inc. is an American company. Incorporated on April 1, 1998, Illumina develops, manufactures, and markets integrated systems for the analysis of genetic variation and biological function. The company provides a line of products and services that serves the sequencing, genotyping and gene expression, and proteomics markets. Its headquarters are located in San Diego, California.
The Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB) is a non-profit autonomous institute set up by the Department of IT, BT and S&T, Government of Karnataka. It is located in a 20-acre campus in the southern part of the City of Bengaluru and is a part of Biotech Park.
Douglas Bruce Kell is a British biochemist and Research Professor of Systems Biology in the Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology at the University of Liverpool, and Chief Scientific Officer of Mellizyme Ltd. He was previously at the School of Chemistry at the University of Manchester, based in the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB). He founded and led the Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology. He served as chief executive officer (CEO) of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) from 2008 to 2013.
Whole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast.
DNASTAR is a global bioinformatics software company incorporated in 1984 that is headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin. DNASTAR develops and sells software for sequence analysis in the fields of genomics, molecular biology, and structural biology.
The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics is a human genetics research centre of the Nuffield Department of Medicine in the Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, funded by the Wellcome Trust among others.
Norwich Research Park is a business community located to the southwest of Norwich, Norfolk, in East Anglia, England close to the A11 and the A47 roads.
Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited is a UK-based company which is developing and selling nanopore sequencing products for the direct, electronic analysis of single molecules.
Sir David Klenerman is a British biophysical chemist and a professor of biophysical chemistry at the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. He is best known for his contribution in the field of next-generation sequencing of DNA, nanopipette-based scanning ion-conductance microscopy, and super-resolution microscopy.
Third-generation sequencing is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development.
The Quadram Institute is a centre for food and health research, combining Quadram Institute Bioscience, the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals’ endoscopy centre and aspects of the University of East Anglia’s Norwich Medical School and the Faculty of Science. It is located on the outskirts of Norwich, England, United Kingdom and is a member of the Norwich Research Park.
Korean Genome Project (KGP) is the largest Korean Genome Project which currently includes 4,000 human genomes sequenced in Korea. KGP was originated from the national initiative of sequencing the reference Korean and whole population genomes in 2006 by KOBIC, KRIBB and NCSRD, KRISS, Daejeon in Korea. From 2009, KGP was supported by the Genome Research Foundation and TheragenEtex to build the Variome of Koreans as well as the Korean Reference Genome (KOREF). Starting from KOREF, a consensus variome reference, providing information on millions of variants from 40 additional ethnically homogeneous genomes from the Korean Personal Genome Project was completed in 2017. Updating the technology an improved version of KOREF was then constructed using long-read sequencing data produced by Oxford Nanopore PromethION and PacBio technologies has been released showcasing newer assembly technologies and techniques. Since 2014, KGP has been supported by Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Clinomics, and Ulsan City, Ulsan, Korea. KGP released 1,094 Korean whole genome sequences on 27th May 2020 in Science Advances. Having a stable, high-quality reference, KOREF has been used to benchmark sequencing technologies such as MGI DNBSEQ-T7 and Illumina HiSeq2000, HiSeq2500, HiSeq4000, HiSeqX10, and NovaSeq6000 sequencing technologies. The variome data has already been a useful reference to study the origin and composition of Korean ethnicity when compared to ancient DNA sequences.
