Edumanom Forest Reserve

Last updated
Edumanom Forest Reserve
Forest reserve
Piliocolobus temminckii 0014.jpg
Temminck's red colobus, Procolobus badius temminckii in Gambia
Nigeria location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Edumanom Forest Reserve
Coordinates: 4°24′54″N6°27′1″E / 4.41500°N 6.45028°E / 4.41500; 6.45028
CountryFlag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria
State Bayelsa State
Area
  Total93.24 km2 (36.00 sq mi)

The roots of Edumanom Forest Reserve trace back to 1970 when it was singled out as one of the proposed Forest Reserves by the Rivers State Government, a compilation encompassing 11 distinct regions. At that time, the Governor of Rivers State, acting under the authority vested by Section 28 of the Land Use Act, rescinded all prevailing Rights of Occupancy associated with the land enveloping Edumanom Forest Reserve. Subsequently, the Commissioner of Agriculture and Natural Resources, sanctioned by Section 8 of the Forestry Law Cap 55 of the Laws of Eastern Nigeria, 1963, officially labeled the region as a forest reserve. The forest reserve derives its name from the Edumanom family in Otuabagi (Ogbia LGA), the entity possessing the largest segment of the reserve.

Contents

Edumanom Forest Reserve holds significance as one of the last habitats for chimpanzees in Nigeria. It spans a portion of the former Nembe Kingdom, now partitioned into the Nembe and Brass local government areas within Bayelsa State. This forest reserve is accessible to both tourists and historians alike. [1]

Covering an expanse of 9,324 hectares, Edumanom Forest Reserve is characterized by a freshwater swamp forest. Notably, it is the habitat for various species, including the endemic Sclater’s guenon, olive colobus, and Niger Delta red colobus. For nature enthusiasts, a visit to this forest reserve promises an enchanting experience. Access to the forest is facilitated through creeks and along oil pipelines. The forest is renowned for its diverse wildlife and the presence of exotic plant species. [2]

The Edumanom Forest Reserve is an area in the Niger Delta [3] region of South East Nigeria that is home to some of the last chimpanzees in Nigeria.[ citation needed ] It covers part of the old Nembe Kingdom, which is now divided into the Nembe and Brass local government areas, [4] in Bayelsa State.[ citation needed ]

The Edumanom forest reserve is a freshwater swamp forest with an area of 9,324 hectares. [5] [6]

The habitat has been degraded by the oil industry and logging operations. [7] Although there are relatively few roads in the region, hunters can gain access to the forest through the creeks and along oil pipelines. [8] The forest is also under threat from the expansion of oil palm plantations. [9] A proposed federal road from Ogbia to Nembe would run between two of the patches inhabited by chimpanzees [10] in the Edumanom forest. [11]

In 1995, hunter's reports suggested that there were 5-10 small chimpanzee groups in the general area, probably with no more than 50 individuals. Older hunters tended to avoid chimpanzee, [12] but younger hunters boasted of killing them. Young chimps captured as a result of hunting typically are sold as pets or to zoos. [13] A June 2008 report noted that the reserve was the last known site for chimpanzees in the Niger Delta. [14]

The reserve also shelters the endemic Sclater's guenon and other IUCN Red List species olive colobus and Niger Delta red colobus. [14] The Sclater's monkey was considered vulnerable but not endangered in 2008. [7] It is hunted throughout the area, except in very few places where it is held sacred and is managing to survive. A 2005 report recommended that it be protected within the Edumanom and other reserves in Nigeria. [15] There used to be red-capped mangabeys in the forest, but these are now thought to be extirpated. [7] The Edumanom was since proposed as a forest reserve but essentially is used and managed as community forest land. The site is about 87km2.The area overlaps both Ogbia and Nembe Local Government Area in Bayelsa State [16] and includes patches of forests utilized by the Emago-Kugbo community in Rivers State. [17]

Climate

According to the Köppen-Geiger classification, the Edumanom Forest Reserve falls under the Af category, indicating a tropical rainforest climate. [18]

The Edumanom Forest Reserve receives a significant amount of rainfall, with an annual average of approximately 2562 mm (100.9 inches). The wettest month is June, with an average rainfall of 363 mm (14.3 inches), while the driest month is January, with an average rainfall of 73 mm (2.9 inches).

The forest reserve experiences warm temperatures throughout the year, with an annual average temperature of 26.4°C (79.4°F). The warmest month is March, with an average maximum temperature of 27.5°C (81.5°F), while the coolest month is August, with an average minimum temperature of 24.9°C (76.9°F).

The relative humidity in the forest reserve shows a slight variation over the year, with September having the highest humidity at approximately 87.22%, while January experiences the lowest relative humidity at around 80.95%.

October is the month with the maximum rainy days, averaging 28.80 days, whereas January has the fewest rainy days, with 19.03 days.

Edumanom Forest Reserve enjoys an average of approximately 78.06 hours of sunshine per month, totaling around 2372.49 hours of sunshine throughout the year. January experiences the highest daily hours of bright sunshine, with an average of 7.93 hours per day, while January also has the least amount of sunshine, with a total of 154.96 hours for the month.

MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °F8585.18584.883.68179.679.580.181.683.284.582.8
Daily mean °F80.781.381.581.380.378.277.176.977.378.379.680.779.4
Mean daily minimum °F77.678.879.178.577.57675.17575.175.776.877.976.9
Average precipitation inches2367101412811117394
Mean daily maximum °C2929.52929.328.72726.426.426.727.628.429.228.1
Daily mean °C27.127.427.527.426.825.725.124.925.225.726.427.126.4
Mean daily minimum °C25.326.026.225.825.32423.92423.924.324.925.524.9
Average precipitation cm5.17.61518253630202828187.6238.3
Average rainy days141619192120202121222017230
Average relative humidity (%)81838384858686868787858385
Mean daily sunshine hours 7.97.67.47.36.75.55.05.25.35.96.57.76.5
Source: climate-data.org [19]


Fauna

The Edumanon Forest Reserve is a vital area for biodiversity conservation, supporting a diverse and unique fauna of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. [20]

The forest reserve is home to a variety of mammal species, including notable species such as the giant African pouched rat (Thryonomys swinderianus), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). Other notable mammals include the red duiker (Philantomba walteri), Bates's pygmy antelope (Neotragusbatesi), African civet (Viverracivetta), and two-spotted palm civet (Nandinia binotata). Of particular significance is the presence of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), a species considered to be of high conservation concern. While their population in the Edumanon Forest Reserve may be relatively small, the presence of these great apes underscores the ecological importance of the reserve.

Edumanon Forest Reserve also boasts a diverse reptilian fauna. Among the reptiles found in the reserve are three species of crocodiles, including the African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus), a species that was rarely recorded in southern Nigeria before. Additionally, the forest reserve provides a habitat for several forest specialist reptiles, such as the forest hinge-back tortoise (Kinixys erosa), dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), and rhinoceros viper (Bitis nasicornis). These reptiles are indicative of the reserve's ecological richness.

Importance

The Edumanom Forest Reserve is a critical natural resource area that holds immense significance in terms of economic, cultural, and social aspects, making it a vital component of the local and regional landscape. Here's an in-depth exploration of its importance:

Economic Importance

  1. Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products: Edumanom Forest Reserve provides a sustainable source of timber and non-timber forest products. Timber, such as mahogany and teak, is valuable in the construction and furniture industries, generating substantial revenue. Non-timber forest products like medicinal plants, honey, and fruits also contribute to the local economy. [21]
  2. Tourism and Ecotourism: The pristine beauty of the forest reserve attracts tourists and nature enthusiasts. This tourism generates income through visitor fees, accommodation, and various tourism-related services. Additionally, ecotourism initiatives can offer guided tours and educational programs, creating jobs for the local community.[ citation needed ]
  3. Carbon Sequestration and Climate Mitigation: Edumanom Forest plays a pivotal role in climate change mitigation by sequestering carbon dioxide. The international community recognizes the importance of conserving such areas for global carbon offset programs, providing potential revenue through carbon credits.

Cultural Importance

  1. Cultural Heritage: The forest reserve is often deeply entwined with the local culture and traditions. Indigenous and local communities may have spiritual or historical connections to the forest, using it for rituals, ceremonies, and cultural practices. [22]
  2. Traditional Knowledge: The forest holds valuable traditional knowledge about medicinal plants, sustainable resource management, and biodiversity conservation. This knowledge is passed down through generations and contributes to the preservation of unique cultural practices.
  3. Biodiversity and Wildlife: Many indigenous cultures have strong ties to the wildlife and biodiversity of the forest. These species are not only essential for the ecological balance but also play a crucial role in local mythology and storytelling. [23]

Social Importance

  1. Livelihoods: The forest reserve is a source of livelihood for local communities. It provides opportunities for employment in timber harvesting, non-timber forest product collection, and ecotourism. The revenue generated sustains the livelihoods of many families.
  2. Food Security: Edumanom Forest Reserve also contributes to food security. It provides a diverse range of fruits, nuts, and edible plants that are essential for the local diet, especially in times of food scarcity.
  3. Water Resource Management: The forest serves as a natural watershed, regulating water flow in rivers and streams. This ensures a consistent and clean water supply for local communities, making it essential for agriculture and domestic use.
  4. Education and Awareness: The forest reserve offers an invaluable outdoor classroom for environmental education. It provides an opportunity for local and regional schools to teach students about ecology, conservation, and the importance of preserving natural habitats. [24]

How to get to Edumanom Forest Reserve

While Bayelsa International Airport is designated as an international airport, it does not currently accept international flights. As such, international visitors typically fly into Port Harcourt International Airport first. [25]

To reach Edumanom Forest Reserve from Bayelsa International Airport, head southwest on Tombia - Amassoma Rd for approximately 2.3 km. Continue on this road until you reach Opolo, covering a distance of about 32.3 km. From Opolo, navigate onto Oloibiri-Ibelebiri-Mbiama Rd, subsequently transitioning onto Ogbia Nembe Rd and later Nembe-Ogidiama Rd. This leg of the journey spans roughly 52.8 km, leading you to your destination in Oruama, Nembe Rivers.

Upon reaching Nembe, all routes to the land are obstructed by water, rendering the use of a boat mandatory.[ citation needed ] Consequently, charter a canoe to traverse the waterways, specifically aiming for Edumanom Forest Reserve.

In other words, you can fly to Bayelsa International Airport and then drive to Nembe. Once you arrive in Nembe, you can hire a canoe to the forest reserve. The journey takes approximately three hours.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ijaw people</span> Nigerian ethnic group

The Ijaw people, otherwise known as the Ijo people, are an ethnic group found in the Niger Delta in Nigeria, with significant population clusters in Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers. They are also in Edo, Ondo, and small parts of Akwa Ibom., occupying six Nigerian states. Many are found as migrant fishermen in camps as far west as Sierra Leone, Ghana and as far east as Gabon. As of 2023, Nigeria's Ijaw population is estimated at approximately over 15 million, accounting for around 6.9% of the country's 223 million people, positioning them as the fourth largest ethnic group in Nigeria. The Ijaws are the most populous tribe inhabiting the Niger Delta region, and one of the world's most ancient peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rivers State</span> State of Nigeria

Rivers State, also known as Rivers, is a state in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria. Formed on 27 May 1967, when it was split from the former Eastern Region, Rivers State borders include Imo and Anambra to the north, Abia and Akwa Ibom to the east, and Bayelsa and Delta to the west.The State capital, Port Harcourt, is a metropolis that is considered to be the commercial center of the Nigerian oil industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bayelsa State</span> State of Nigeria

Bayelsa state is a state in the South South region of Nigeria, located in the core of the Niger Delta. Bayelsa State was created in 1996 and was carved out from Rivers State, making it one of the newest states in the federation. The capital, Yenagoa, is susceptible to high risk of annual flooding. It shares a boundary with Rivers State to the east and Delta State to the north across the Niger River for 17 km and the Forçados River for 198 km, with the waters of the Atlantic Ocean dominating its southern borders. It has a total area of 10,773 square kilometres (4,159 sq mi). The state comprises eight local government areas: Ekeremor, Kolokuma/Opokuma, Yenagoa, Nembe, Ogbia, Sagbama, Brass and Southern Ijaw. The state is the smallest in Nigeria by population as of the 2006 census. Being in the Niger Delta, Bayelsa State has a riverine and estuarine setting, with bodies of water within the state preventing the development of significant road infrastructure.

Yenagoa is a Local Government Area and capital city of Bayelsa State, Southern Nigeria. It is located at the Niger-Delta region of the country at coordinates 4°55′29″N6°15′51″E.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cross–Niger transition forests</span>

The Cross–Niger transition forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of southeastern Nigeria, located between the Niger River on the west and the Cross River on the east. Once a rich mixture of tropical forest and savanna woodland covered these low, rolling hills but today, this is one of the most densely populated areas of Africa and today most of the forest has been removed and the area is now grassland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife of Ivory Coast</span>

The wildlife of Ivory Coast consists of the flora and fauna of this nation in West Africa. The country has a long Atlantic coastline on the Gulf of Guinea and a range of habitat types. Once covered in tropical rainforest, much of this habitat has been cleared, the remaining terrain being gallery forests and savanna with scattered groups of trees, resulting in a decrease in biodiversity. As of 2016, 252 species of mammal had been recorded in Ivory Coast, 666 species of bird, 153 species of reptile, 80 species of amphibian, 671 species of fish and 3660 species of vascular plant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife of Togo</span>

The wildlife of Togo is composed of the flora and fauna of Togo, a country in West Africa. Despite its small size the country has a diversity of habitats; there are only remnants of the once more extensive rain forests in the south, there is Sudanian savanna in the north-western part of the country and larger areas of Guinean forest–savanna mosaic in the centre and north-east. The climate is tropical with distinct wet and dry seasons. There are estimated to be over 3000 species of vascular plants in the country, and 196 species of mammals and 676 species of birds have been recorded there.

Brass is a Local Government Area in Bayelsa State, southern Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Twon-Brass on Brass Island along the coast, it has a coastline of approximately 90 km on the Bight of Bonny. Much of the area of the LGA is occupied by the Edumanom National Forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abua</span>

Abua (Abuan) is a riverine kingdom which is currently located in the Abua–Odual LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria. It is located 10 miles away from Port Harcourt. The main occupation of resident of Abua includes: fishing, hunting and farming.

Nembe is a Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Nembe in the east of the area at 4°32′22″N6°24′01″E The people of Brass, Nembe and Southern Ijaw Councils of Bayelsa State have bemoaned their neglect by oil companies operating in their areas.

Ogbia is a traditional Kingdom and Local Government Area of Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The headquarters of both the Traditional Kingdom and Local Government is located in Ogbia Town at 4°39′00″N6°16′00″E.

Twon-Brass, previously known simply as Brass or Brasstown, is a community on Brass Island in the Nun River estuary of Southern Bayelsa State, Nigeria, in the Brass Local Government Area. Twon Brass was found in the year, 1895 The royal Chief is Alfred Diete-Spiff. The town is on the east shore of the Brass River, one of the branches of the Nun River, which in turn is a branch of the Niger River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ise Forest Reserve</span> Protected area in Ekiti state Nigeria

Ise Forest Reserve is located in Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria, covering 142 km2, 5° 20.804'E to 5° 25.331'E longitude and 7°21.069'N to 7° 25.579'N latitude in the tropical hemisphere. The protected area is about 9 km to the southern part of the reserve along the Akure-Benin expressway from the Uso community in Ondo State. It remains one of the remaining forest fragments in southwest Nigeria, militated with intense human anthropogenic activities such as farming, logging, and hunting. However, they are considered to be integral and desirable components of forest ecosystems. It is one of the priority conservation areas for the endangered Nigeria-Cameroun chimpanzees in Nigeria with a degrading forest environment. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 366 meters. This is the chimpanzees' primary and most frequently recorded habitat in southwest Nigeria. It is also a habitat for about 661 species of butterflies and a large community of other animals and plants. It has been in the spotlight for nearly 20 years. One of the protected sites in the tropical hemisphere is the Ise Forest Reserve. Most of the forests in Nigeria, including protected areas, are under severe fragmentation. The result is that smaller fragments have fewer numbers of animals than the single larger fragments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nembe Kingdom</span> Former kingdom in Nigeria

The Nembe Kingdom is a traditional state in Niger Delta. It includes the Nembe and Brass Local Government Areas of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The traditional rulers take the title "Amanyanabo". Today, leadership is split between the Amanyanabos of Ogbolomabiri, Bassambiri, Okpoama, Odioama and Twon Brass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nigerian lowland forests</span> Ecoregion in Nigeria and Benin

The biogeographic regionalization of Earth's terrestrial biodiversity, known as Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (TEOW), is made up of 867 ecoregions that are divided into 14 biomes. In addition to offering a comprehensive map of terrestrial biodiversity, TEOW also provides a global species database for ecological analyses and priority setting, a logical biogeographic framework for large-scale conservation strategies, a map for enhancing biogeographic literacy, and a foundation for the Global 200.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niger Delta swamp forests</span>

The Niger Delta swamp forests is a tropical moist forest ecoregion in southern Nigeria. It consists of freshwater swamp forests in the Niger Delta of the Niger River. This swamp forest is the second largest in Africa after the Congolian swamp forests. Although there are large cities just outside the ecoregion, the area has been relatively isolated by the difficulty of building roads across the swamps, although this is changing with development of oil and logging industries. Scientific surveys have only begun in recent years, and new species were being identified into the 1990s. Crude oil exploration and pollution has been a threat to forests in the Niger Delta region.

Bayelsa East senatorial district in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, covers three local government areas of Brass, Ogbia and Nembe. The headquarters of Bayelsa East is Brass. As of 2019, Bayelsa East senatorial district has 36 Registration Areas (RA) and 622 polling units. The collation centre is in the Brass Local Government INEC office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rachel Ikemeh</span> Nigerian conservationist

Rachel Ashegbofe Ikemeh is a Nigerian conservationist who won a Whitley award in 2020. She is the director of South West and Niger Delta Forest Project, a conservation program for endangered primates as the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Red colobus monkey(Piliocolobus epieni) and Benin potto in the respective regions. She has actively been in Nigeria conservation for the past 15 years.

The 2023 Bayelsa State gubernatorial election took place on 11 November 2023 to elect the Governor of Bayelsa State. Incumbent PDP Governor Douye Diri won reelection. The primaries were scheduled for between 27 March and 17 April 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023 Nigerian presidential election in Bayelsa State</span>

The 2023 Nigerian presidential election in Bayelsa State will be held on 25 February 2023 as part of the nationwide 2023 Nigerian presidential election to elect the president and vice president of Nigeria. Other federal elections, including elections to the House of Representatives and the Senate, will also be held on the same date while state elections will be held two weeks afterward on 11 March.

References

  1. Akani, Godfrey C.; Aifesehi, Pedro E.E; Petrozzi, Fabio; Amadi, Nioking; Luiselli, Luca (2014-07-03). "Preliminary surveys of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna (mammals, reptiles, and amphibians) of the Edumanon Forest Reserve, Nigeria". Tropical Zoology. 27 (3): 63–72. doi: 10.1080/03946975.2014.944376 . ISSN   0394-6975. S2CID   83908331.
  2. "Edumanom Forest Reserve, Bayelsa - Photos & Reviews". Hotels.ng Places. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  3. "Niger Delta Avengers threaten return, vow to crash economy". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  4. "Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  5. "Edumanom Forest Reserve". Visit Nigeria Now. Retrieved 2022-03-15.[ permanent dead link ]
  6. "Forest Resource Situation Assessment of Nigeria... Forest Resources Management Plans and Maps". Beak Consultants. 1998.
  7. 1 2 3 Baker, Lynne R.; Olubode, Oluseun S. (2008). "Correlates with the distribution and abundance of endangered Sclater's monkeys (Cercopithecus sclateri) in southern Nigeria". African Journal of Ecology. 46 (3): 365–373. Bibcode:2008AfJEc..46..365B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00849.x.
  8. "A105 Spiral welded pipe". www.cnsgmetal.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.[ permanent dead link ]
  9. Akani, Godfrey C.; Aifesehi, Pedro E. E.; Petrozzi, Fabio; Amadi, Nioking; Luiselli, Luca (2014-07-03). "Preliminary surveys of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna (mammals, reptiles, and amphibians) of the Edumanon Forest Reserve, Nigeria". Tropical Zoology. 27 (3): 63–72. doi: 10.1080/03946975.2014.944376 . ISSN   0394-6975.
  10. "chimpanzee | Facts, Habitat, & Diet | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  11. Rebecca Kormos; Christophe Boesch; Mohamed I. Bakarr; Thomas M. Butynski. "Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: West African Chimpanzees" (PDF). IUCN. p. 129. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-16. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
  12. "Chimpanzee - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  13. Rebecca Kormos (2003). West African chimpanzees: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN. pp. 128–129. ISBN   2-8317-0733-1.
  14. 1 2 "NIGERIA BIODIVERSITY AND TROPICAL FORESTRY ASSESSMENT" (PDF). USAID. June 2008. p. 76. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
  15. "Cercopithecus sclateri". IUCN Red List . IUCN. March 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
  16. "Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands". Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  17. "Edumanom Forest Reserve" . Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  18. "Brass climate: Average Temperature by month, Brass water temperature". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  19. "Brass climate: Weather Brass & temperature by month". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  20. Akani, Godfrey C.; Aifesehi, Pedro E.E; Petrozzi, Fabio; Amadi, Nioking; Luiselli, Luca (3 July 2014). "Preliminary surveys of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna (mammals, reptiles, and amphibians) of the Edumanon Forest Reserve, Nigeria". Tropical Zoology. 27 (3): 63–72. doi: 10.1080/03946975.2014.944376 . S2CID   83908331.
  21. Ezenwaka, J (2014). "ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF THE NIGER DELTA". Journal of Agriculture and Social Research. 14 (1): 37–56.
  22. OPIGO, E.H. (2021). "TRADITIONAL WRESTLING FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM IN BAYELSA STATE" (PDF). Journal of Research and Development Studies. 5 (1): 42–49.
  23. Akani, Godfrey C.; Aifesehi, Pedro E.E; Petrozzi, Fabio; Amadi, Nioking; Luiselli, Luca (2014-07-03). "Preliminary surveys of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna (mammals, reptiles, and amphibians) of the Edumanon Forest Reserve, Nigeria". Tropical Zoology. 27 (3): 63–72. doi: 10.1080/03946975.2014.944376 . ISSN   0394-6975. S2CID   83908331.
  24. "Edumanom Forest Reserve: Home of chimpanzees threatened by local hunters - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  25. "Bayelsa International Airport to Nembe". Bayelsa International Airport to Nembe. Retrieved 22 October 2023.