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In economics,a cycle of poverty or poverty trap is when poverty seems to be inherited,preventing subsequent generations from escaping it. It is caused by self-reinforcing mechanisms that cause poverty,once it exists,to persist unless there is outside intervention. It can persist across generations,and when applied to developing countries,is also known as a development trap.
Psychological resilience,or mental resilience,is the ability to cope mentally and emotionally with a crisis,or to return to pre-crisis status quickly.
Emotional dysregulation is characterized by an inability to flexibly respond to and manage emotional states,resulting in intense and prolonged emotional reactions that deviate from social norms,given the nature of the environmental stimuli encountered. Such reactions not only deviate from accepted social norms but also surpass what is informally deemed appropriate or proportional to the encountered stimuli.
Mary Dinsmore Ainsworth was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in the development of the attachment theory. She designed the strange situation procedure to observe early emotional attachment between a child and their primary caregiver.
Childhood trauma is often described as serious adverse childhood experiences. Children may go through a range of experiences that classify as psychological trauma;these might include neglect,abandonment,sexual abuse,emotional abuse,and physical abuse. They may also witness abuse of a sibling or parent,or have a mentally ill parent. These events can have profound psychological,physiological,and sociological impacts leading to lasting negative effects on health and well-being. These events may include antisocial behaviors,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and sleep disturbances. Additionally,children whose mothers have experienced traumatic or stressful events during pregnancy have an increased risk of mental health disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Compensatory education offers supplementary programs or services designed to help children at risk of cognitive impairment and low educational achievement succeed.
Daniel S. Schechter is an American and Swiss psychiatrist known for his clinical work and research on intergenerational transmission or "communication" of violent trauma and related psychopathology involving parents and very young children. His published work in this area following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York of September 11,2001 led to a co-edited book entitled "September 11:Trauma and Human Bonds" (2003) and additional original articles with clinical psychologist Susan Coates that were translated into multiple languages and remain among the first accounts of 9/11 related loss and trauma described by mental health professionals who also experienced the attacks and their aftermath Schechter observed that separation anxiety among infants and young children who had either lost or feared loss of their caregivers triggered posttraumatic stress symptoms in the surviving caregivers. These observations validated his prior work on the adverse impact of family violence on the early parent-child relationship,formative social-emotional development and related attachment disturbances involving mutual dysregulation of emotion and arousal. This body of work on trauma and attachment has been cited by prominent authors in the attachment theory,psychological trauma,developmental psychobiology and neuroscience literatures
Social deprivation is the reduction or prevention of culturally normal interaction between an individual and the rest of society. This social deprivation is included in a broad network of correlated factors that contribute to social exclusion;these factors include mental illness,poverty,poor education,and low socioeconomic status,norms and values.
Early childhood is a critical period in a child's life that includes ages from birth to five years old. Psychological stress is an inevitable part of life. Human beings can experience stress from an early age. Although stress is a factor for the average human being,it can be a positive or negative molding aspect in a young child's life.
Amy Gene Halberstadt is an American psychologist specializing in the social development of emotion. She is currently Alumni Distinguished Undergraduate Professor of Psychology at North Carolina State University in Raleigh,North Carolina,and is an editor of the journal Social Development.
Emotional eating,also known as stress eating and emotional overeating,is defined as the "propensity to eat in response to positive and negative emotions". While the term commonly refers to eating as a means of coping with negative emotions,it sometimes includes eating for positive emotions,such as overeating when celebrating an event or to enhance an already good mood.
Sara Smilansky was a professor at Tel Aviv University in Israel and was a senior researcher for The Henrietta Szold Institute:The National Institute for Research in the Behavioral Sciences for the Ruth Bressler Center for Research in Education. She has been a visiting professor for many well known universities such as the University of Maryland,College Park. She focused her research on play training and its effects on children. Her research included studying both Israeli and American,as well as advantaged and disadvantaged,children. She wrote multiple books on children's play and its relation to learning,the effect of divorce and death on children,and the development of twins. Her research on children's play included working with Jean Piaget.
Attachment and health is a psychological model which considers how the attachment theory pertains to people's preferences and expectations for the proximity of others when faced with stress,threat,danger or pain. In 1982,American psychiatrist Lawrence Kolb noticed that patients with chronic pain displayed behaviours with their healthcare providers akin to what children might display with an attachment figure,thus marking one of the first applications of the attachment theory to physical health. Development of the adult attachment theory and adult attachment measures in the 1990s provided researchers with the means to apply the attachment theory to health in a more systematic way. Since that time,it has been used to understand variations in stress response,health outcomes and health behaviour. Ultimately,the application of the attachment theory to health care may enable health care practitioners to provide more personalized medicine by creating a deeper understanding of patient distress and allowing clinicians to better meet their needs and expectations.
Social emotional development represents a specific domain of child development. It is a gradual,integrative process through which children acquire the capacity to understand,experience,express,and manage emotions and to develop meaningful relationships with others. As such,social emotional development encompasses a large range of skills and constructs,including,but not limited to:self-awareness,joint attention,play,theory of mind,self-esteem,emotion regulation,friendships,and identity development.
Nancy Eisenberg is an American psychologist and professor at Arizona State University. She was the President of the Western Psychological Association in 2014-2015 and the Division 7 president of the American Psychological Association in 2010-2012. Her research focuses on areas of emotional and social development of children. She is also in charge of a research lab at Arizona State University where undergraduate researchers help in longitudinal studies of social and emotional development in children and young adolescents.
The shift-and-persist model has emerged in order to account for unintuitive,positive health outcomes in some individuals of low socioeconomic status. A large body of research has previously linked low socioeconomic status to poor physical and mental health outcomes,including early mortality. Low socioeconomic status is hypothesized to get "under the skin" by producing chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis,which increases allostatic load,leading to the pathogenesis of chronic disease. However,some individuals of low socioeconomic status do not appear to experience the expected,negative health effects associated with growing up in poverty. To account for this,the shift-and-persist model proposes that,as children,some individuals of low socioeconomic status learn adaptive strategies for regulating their emotions ("shifting") and focusing on their goals ("persisting") in the face of chronic adversity. According to this model,the use of shift-and-persist strategies diminishes the typical negative effects of adversity on health by leading to more adaptive biological,cognitive,and behavioral responses to daily stressors.
Cassandra Cybele Raver is an American developmental psychologist currently serving as Provost and Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs at Vanderbilt University. She previously served as Deputy Provost at New York University and Professor of Applied Psychology in the Steinhardt School of Culture,Education,and Human Development at NYU.
Parenting stress also known as "parental burnout" relates to stressors that are a function of being in and executing the parenting role. It is a construct that relates to both psychological phenomena and to the human body's physiological state as a parent or caretaker of a child. Such effects can be exacerbated when the child has complex care needs such as physical,developmental,emotional or behavioural needs.
Ross A. Thompson is an American author and research psychologist. He is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of psychology at the University of California,Davis,and is director of the Social &Emotional Development Lab. Thompson is known for his work on the psychological development of young children. His influences on developmental research and public policy were recognized in the Urie Bronfenbrenner Award for Lifetime Contribution to Developmental Psychology in the Service of Science and Society in 2018 by the American Psychological Association,the Ann L. Brown Award for Excellence in Developmental Research in 2007. Thompson received the Distinguished Lifetime Achievement from Zero to Three in 2023.
The Family Stress Model (FSM) grew out of research efforts to understand how economic disadvantage impacts family processes. Researchers like Reuben Hill,an American sociologist,were interested in how the 1930s Great Depression contributed to economic and family stress at that time. In 1994,Rand D. Conger and colleagues proposed the FSM from their work with rural families in Iowa to better understand how economic disadvantage effects child and adolescent outcomes through family processes.
References
- 1 2 3 "Dr. Ellie Brown Research Labs".
- 1 2 "Kaleidoscope Research".
- ↑ "Kaleidoscope research featured in National Endowment for the Arts webinar".
- ↑ "Psychologists in the news".
- ↑ "About the ECCEL Program".
- ↑ "About the Team - Project Directors - REACH".
- ↑ "Pulling Out in Pennsylvania?".
- ↑ "2010-2011 Report - Student Welfare Committee -- Ellie Brown (Psychology), Chair" (PDF).
- ↑ "THE IMPACT OF ARTS AND CULTURE AGENDA: PRE-K" (PDF).
- ↑ "National Endowment for the Arts Awards $149,000 to WCU for Research into Equity Via the Arts for Children".
- ↑ "Arts enrichment and school readiness for children at risk".
- ↑ "Arts enrichment and preschool emotions for low-income children at risk".
- ↑ "Can the Arts Get Under the Skin? Arts and Cortisol for Economically Disadvantaged Children".
- ↑ "The art of Head Start: Intensive arts integration associated with advantage in school readiness for economically disadvantaged children".
- ↑ "Daily poverty-related stress and mood for low-income parents, as a function of the presence of a cohabiting partner relationship".
- ↑ "Daily poverty‐related stress and coping: Associations with child learned helplessness".
- ↑ "Cortisol across preschool day relates to teacher ratings of executive functioning for children facing economic hardship".
- ↑ "Playtime and bedtime relate to cortisol levels for children facing economic hardship".
- ↑ "Emotion Knowledge Relates to Cortisol for Children Attending Head Start Preschool".
- ↑ "WCU News - WCU Study Links Emotional Intelligence to Stress Regulation in Preschoolers".
- ↑ "Music and dance education offer lifelong skills and opportunities for underserved students".
- ↑ "Germantown residents bring music into Philadelphia Schools".
- ↑ "Arts-Heavy Preschool Helps Children Grow Emotionally".
- ↑ "Arts-Rich Preschool Readies Kids for Learning".
- ↑ "Arts Education Reduces Stress Level of Low-Income Students".
- ↑ "Arts programming may help lower stress in economically disadvantaged preschoolers".
- ↑ "Economic instability and household chaos are linked to physiological dysregulation in children".
- ↑ "Economic instability and household chaos relate to cortisol for children in poverty".