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Otorhinolaryngology is a surgical subspeciality within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians. Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. In addition, ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face, scalp, and neck.
Snoring is the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping. The sound may be soft or loud and unpleasant. Snoring during sleep may be a sign, or first alarm, of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Research suggests that snoring is one of the factors of sleep deprivation.
In anatomy, the pharyngeal tonsil, also known as the nasopharyngeal tonsil or adenoid, is the superior-most of the tonsils. It is a mass of lymphatic tissue located behind the nasal cavity, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the throat. In children, it normally forms a soft mound in the roof and back wall of the nasopharynx, just above and behind the uvula.
In anatomy, a nasal concha, also called a nasal turbinate or turbinal, is a long, narrow, curled shelf of bone that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose in humans and various animals. The conchae are shaped like an elongated seashell, which gave them their name. A concha is any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates.
Choanal atresia is a congenital disorder where the back of the nasal passage (choana) is blocked, usually by abnormal bony or soft tissue (membranous) due to failed hole development of the nasal fossae during prenatal development. It causes persistent rhinorrhea, and with bilateral choanal atresia and obstructed airway that can cause cyanosis and hypoxia.
Septoplasty [ˈsɛp.toˌplæ.sti] (Etymology: L, saeptum, septum; Gk, πλάσσειν plassein – to shape), or alternatively submucous septal resection and septal reconstruction, is a corrective surgical procedure done to straighten a deviated nasal septum – the nasal septum being the partition between the two nasal cavities. Ideally, the septum should run down the center of the nose. When it deviates into one of the cavities, it narrows that cavity and impedes airflow. Deviated nasal septum or “crooked” internal nose can occur at childbirth or as the result of an injury or other trauma. If the wall that functions as a separator of both sides of the nose is tilted towards one side at a degree greater than 50%, it might cause difficulty breathing. Often the inferior turbinate on the opposite side enlarges, which is termed compensatory hypertrophy. Deviations of the septum can lead to nasal obstruction. Most surgeries are completed in 60 minutes or less, while the recovery time could be up to several weeks. Put simply, septoplasty is a surgery that helps repair the passageways in the nose making it easier to breathe. This surgery is usually performed on patients with a deviated septum, recurrent rhinitis, or sinus issues.
Nasal septum deviation is a physical disorder of the nose, involving a displacement of the nasal septum. Some displacement is common, affecting 80% of people, mostly without their knowledge.
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is a surgical procedure or sleep surgery used to remove tissue and/or remodel tissue in the throat. This could be because of sleep issues. Tissues which may typically be removed include:
Pericoronitis is inflammation of the soft tissues surrounding the crown of a partially erupted tooth, including the gingiva (gums) and the dental follicle. The soft tissue covering a partially erupted tooth is known as an operculum, an area which can be difficult to access with normal oral hygiene methods. The hyponym operculitis technically refers to inflammation of the operculum alone.
Laser surgery is a type of surgery that uses a laser to cut tissue.
Veterinary surgery is surgery performed on non-human animals by veterinarians, whereby the procedures fall into three broad categories: orthopaedics, soft tissue surgery, and neurosurgery. Advanced surgical procedures such as joint replacement, fracture repair, stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament deficiency, oncologic (cancer) surgery, herniated disc treatment, complicated gastrointestinal or urogenital procedures, kidney transplant, skin grafts, complicated wound management, and minimally invasive procedures are performed by veterinary surgeons. Most general practice veterinarians perform routine surgeries such as neuters and minor mass excisions; some also perform additional procedures.
Stenotic nares means the nares (nostrils) are pinched or narrow, making it more difficult for an animal to breathe, and resulting in a lot of open-mouth breathing and panting. The condition is part of the brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome syndrome common to short-nosed dog and cat breeds. Dog breeds commonly affected by stenotic nares include Boston Terrier, Boxer, Bulldog, King Charles Spaniel, Lhasa Apso, Pug, and Shih Tzu. Stenotic nares is a congenital trait, meaning an animal is born with it. Veterinarians can perform a simple surgery to help widen the nares, which can be done at the same time as a spay or neuter surgery.
Velopharyngeal insufficiency is a disorder of structure that causes a failure of the velum to close against the posterior pharyngeal wall during speech in order to close off the nose during oral speech production. This is important because speech requires sound and airflow to be directed into the oral cavity (mouth) for the production of all speech sound with the exception of nasal sounds. If complete closure does not occur during speech, this can cause hypernasality and/or audible nasal emission during speech. In addition, there may be inadequate airflow to produce most consonants, making them sound weak or omitted.
Reverse sneezing, also known as inspiratory paroxysmal respiration, is a clinical event that occurs in dogs and cats. It is possibly caused by a muscle spasm at the back of the animal's mouth, more specifically where the muscle and throat meet. Other hypotheses state that it occurs when the animal's soft palate gets irritated. The irritation causes spasms in the soft palate muscle thus narrowing the trachea. Because the trachea is narrowed, the pet isn't able to inhale a full breath of air, resulting in forceful attempts to inhale through their nose. This causes the pet to experience reverse sneezing.
The respiratory system of the horse is the biological system by which a horse circulates air for the purpose of gaseous exchange.
Mouth infections, also known as oral infections, are a group of infections that occur around the oral cavity. They include dental infection, dental abscess, and Ludwig's angina. Mouth infections typically originate from dental caries at the root of molars and premolars that spread to adjacent structures. In otherwise healthy patients, removing the offending tooth to allow drainage will usually resolve the infection. In cases that spread to adjacent structures or in immunocompromised patients, surgical drainage and systemic antibiotics may be required in addition to tooth extraction. Since bacteria that normally reside in the oral cavity cause mouth infections, proper dental hygiene can prevent most cases of infection. As such, mouth infections are more common in populations with poor access to dental care or populations with health-related behaviors that damage one's teeth and oral mucosa. This is a common problem, representing nearly 36% of all encounters within the emergency department related to dental conditions.
The pharynx is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and trachea. It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though its structure varies across species. The pharynx carries food to the esophagus and air to the larynx. The flap of cartilage called the epiglottis stops food from entering the larynx.
The laryngeal saccules are soft tissue masses that are extensions of the laryngeal ventricles in the larynx. Their function is not well understood, but they may lubricate the vocal cords, and increase the resonance of vocalisation. They may be involved in airway disease and airway obstruction. They may be surgically removed using a laryngeal sacculectomy.
Hypernasal speech is a disorder that causes abnormal resonance in a human's voice due to increased airflow through the nose during speech. It is caused by an open nasal cavity resulting from an incomplete closure of the soft palate and/or velopharyngeal sphincter. In normal speech, nasality is referred to as nasalization and is a linguistic category that can apply to vowels or consonants in a specific language. The primary underlying physical variable determining the degree of nasality in normal speech is the opening and closing of a velopharyngeal passage way between the oral vocal tract and the nasal vocal tract. In the normal vocal tract anatomy, this opening is controlled by lowering and raising the velum or soft palate, to open or close, respectively, the velopharyngeal passageway.
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), also known as brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS), brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS), and brachycephalic syndrome (BS), is a pathological condition affecting short nosed dogs and cats which can lead to severe respiratory distress. There are four different anatomical abnormalities that contribute to the disease, all of which occur more commonly in brachycephalic breeds: an elongated soft palate, stenotic nares, a hypoplastic trachea, and everted laryngeal saccules. Because all of these components make it more difficult to breathe in situations of exercise, stress, or heat, an animal with these abnormalities may be unable to take deep or fast enough breaths to blow off carbon dioxide. This leads to distress and further increases respiratory rate and heart rate, creating a vicious cycle that can quickly lead to a life-threatening situation.
References
- 1 2 3 Lodato, Dena; Mauterer, John (2014-01-01). "Surgical Skills | Corrective Surgery: Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Today's Veterinary Practice. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
- ↑ "Elongated Soft Palate Laser Surgery FAQ". VetScalpel. 2019-10-02. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
- 1 2 Mathews, Kyle G. (2012), "Correction of overlong soft palate", Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dogs and Cats, Elsevier, pp. 539–542, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4618-6.00056-7, ISBN 9780702046186 , retrieved 2021-12-13
- ↑ Corgozinho KB, Pereira AN, Cunha SC, Damico CB, Ferreira AM, de Souza HJ (June 2012). "Recurrent pulmonary edema secondary to elongated soft palate in a cat". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 14 (6): 417–9. doi:10.1177/1098612X12442024. PMID 22398461. S2CID 27359679.
- 1 2 3 Arza, Ray (2016-09-29) [2015]. "Elongated soft palate resection with a CO2 surgical laser". VetScalpel.
- ↑ "Recognition & Diagnosis — Department of Veterinary Medicine". www.vet.cam.ac.uk. Cambridge Veterinary School. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
- ↑ Packer RM, O'Neill DG, Fletcher F, Farnworth MJ (2019-07-19). "Great expectations, inconvenient truths, and the paradoxes of the dog-owner relationship for owners of brachycephalic dogs". PLOS ONE. 14 (7): e0219918. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1419918P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219918 . PMC 6641206 . PMID 31323057.
- 1 2 3 4 Administrator (2016-02-16). "Recognition & Diagnosis". www.vet.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
- 1 2 3 4 Stoesser, Guenter (2004-10-15), "NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information)", Dictionary of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., doi:10.1002/0471650129.dob0477, ISBN 0471650129 , retrieved 2021-12-13
- 1 2 3 Davidson EB, Davis MS, Campbell GA, Williamson KK, Payton ME, Healey TS, Bartels KE (September 2001). "Evaluation of carbon dioxide laser and conventional incisional techniques for resection of soft palates in brachycephalic dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 219 (6): 776–81. doi:10.2460/javma.2001.219.776. PMID 11561652.
- 1 2 Dunié-Mérigot A, Bouvy B, Poncet C (October 2010). "Comparative use of CO₂ laser, diode laser and monopolar electrocautery for resection of the soft palate in dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome". The Veterinary Record. 167 (18): 700–4. doi:10.1136/vr.c5107. PMID 21257486. S2CID 24601661.
- ↑ Saaiq M, Zaib S, Ahmad S (December 2012). "Electrocautery burns: experience with three cases and review of literature". Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters. 25 (4): 203–6. PMC 3664530 . PMID 23766755.