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A skinhead or skin is a member of a subculture that originated among working-class youth in London, England, in the 1960s. It soon spread to other parts of the United Kingdom, with a second working-class skinhead movement emerging worldwide in the late 1970s. Motivated by social alienation and working-class solidarity, skinheads are defined by their close-cropped or shaven heads and working-class clothing such as Dr. Martens and steel toe work boots, braces, high rise and varying length straight-leg jeans, and button-down collar shirts, usually slim fitting in check or plain. The movement reached a peak at the end of the 1960s, experienced a revival in the 1980s, and, since then, has endured in multiple contexts worldwide.
Ian Stuart Donaldson, also known as Ian Stuart, was an English singer and neo-Nazi. He was the front-man of Skrewdriver, a punk rock band which, beginning in 1983, became one of the first Nazi punk bands. Donaldson raised money through white power concerts with his Blood & Honour network.
Blood & Honour is a neo-Nazi music promotion network and right-wing extremist political group founded in the United Kingdom by Ian Stuart Donaldson in 1987. It is composed of white nationalists and has links to Combat 18.
Rock Against Communism (RAC) was the name of white power rock concerts in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and has since become the catch-all term for music with racist lyrics as well as a specific genre of rock music derived from Oi! The lyrics can focus on racism and antisemitism, although this depends on the band.
The Hammerskins are a neo-Nazi group formed in 1988 in Dallas, Texas. Their primary focus is the production and promotion of white power rock music, and many white power bands have been affiliated with the group. The Hammerskins were affiliated with the record label 9% Productions. The Hammerskins host several annual concerts, including Hammerfest, an annual event in both the United States and Europe in honor of deceased Hammerskin Joe Rowan, the lead singer of the band Nordic Thunder.
Böhse Onkelz is a German rock band formed in Frankfurt in 1980. The band reunited in 2014. Despite mass-media criticism concerning their past as skinheads, several of their later records topped the German album charts. E.I.N.S. was their most successful album, with over 510,000 copies sold.
White power skinheads, also known as racist skinheads and neo-Nazi skinheads, are members of a neo-Nazi, white supremacist and antisemitic offshoot of the skinhead subculture. Many of them are affiliated with white nationalist organizations and some of them are members of prison gangs. The movement emerged in the United Kingdom between the late 1960s and the late 1970s, before spreading across Eurasia and North America in the 1980–1990s.
Rock-O-RamaRecords was a Cologne-based German independent record label that operated between 1980 and 1994, established and run by Herbert Egoldt. Though initially dedicated to releasing and distributing left-wing or apolitical German and international punk and hardcore, Rock-O-Rama became a leading label for white power rock and Rock Against Communism from the middle of the 1980s. Following a 1993 police raid, Egoldt closed the label in 1994 under the threat of legal action from German authorities.
Skullhead was a nationalist Oi! band from the Newcastle area. It was part of the Rock Against Communism (RAC) movement.
Der nette Mann is the debut album by German rock band Böhse Onkelz. It was released in 1984. Der nette Mann is considered the first album of the German skinhead subculture.
Skrewdriver were an English punk rock band formed by Ian Stuart Donaldson in Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire, in 1976. Originally a punk band, Skrewdriver changed into a white power skinhead rock band after reuniting in the 1980s. Their original line-up split in January 1979 and Donaldson reformed the band with different musicians in 1982. This new version of the band played a leading role in the Rock Against Communism movement.
Rebelles Européens was a French independent record label that operated between 1987 and 1994, specialising in white power rock and Rock Against Communism. Based in the port city of Brest, the label was founded by Gaël Bodilis, a member of far-right groups including the Front Nationale Jeunesse, Troisième Voie, and PNFE. Rebelles Européens was, alongside German label Rock-O-Rama Records, a key player within the international white power skinhead music scene during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Unlike Rock-O-Rama, whose owner was apolitical and commercially minded, Bodilis primarily conceived of Rebelles Européens as a means for spreading neo-fascist ideology, and denied any interest in the profitability of his enterprise. Rebelles Europeéns was notable for its brazen inclusion of Nazi and white-supremacist symbols on album covers; Robert Forbes and Eddie Stampton suggest that the label "seemed to operate without regard to the law". After a pause on production in 1993, Rebelles Europeéns went out of business in 1994, with Australian label White League reissuing a small number of their releases on CD in 1995.
German punk includes a body of music and a subculture that have evolved since punk rock became popular in Germany in the 1970s. Within the subculture of punk in Germany, a style of music called Deutschpunk was developed; this style of music has developed distinctly from hardcore punk, and includes lyrics in German as well as a fast tempo. In the punk scene in Germany, some bands play music in the Deutschpunk style, while other German punk bands pursue various other styles of punk music.
This is the discography for the German rock band Böhse Onkelz. According to record certifications and additional sources they have sold over 5,338,000 records and 425,000 videos/DVDs in their career. E.I.N.S. is their most successful album with over 510,000 units sold. Seven of their albums peaked at number one on the German albums chart. The Onkelz are one of the most bootlegged bands with over 250 bootlegs circulating as of 2005. Their albums spent 311 weeks on the German albums chart.
No Remorse are an English white power rock band formed in London in 1985. They were one of the most prominent neo-Nazi skinheads bands of the Rock Against Communism scene. The band was led by Paul Burnley between 1986 and 1996, and by William Browning and Daniel "Jacko" Jack from 1996 onwards, following a factional dispute within British white nationalist politics.
Honor was a Polish Rock Against Communism (RAC) band. Their lyrical themes are related to national socialism, neopaganism and the white power skinhead movement. Until 1999, the band played typical RAC, and then moved to pagan metal music. In January 2002, vocalist Mariusz Szczerski was arrested for spreading neo-Nazism and antisemitism. After his death from a car accident in 2005, the band stopped playing. The band reformed in 2015 and has played since, albeit in the previous RAC style. Honor is on the Anti-Defamation League List of Hate Music Groups.
White power music is music that promotes white nationalism. It encompasses various music styles, including rock, country, and folk. Ethnomusicologist Benjamin R. Teitelbaum argues that white power music "can be defined by lyrics that demonize variously conceived non-whites and advocate racial pride and solidarity. Most often, however, insiders conceptualized white power music as the combination of those themes with pounding rhythms and a charging punk or metal-based accompaniment." Genres include Nazi punk, Rock Against Communism, National Socialist black metal, and fashwave.
"Tomorrow Belongs to Me" is a song from the 1966 Broadway musical Cabaret, and the 1972 film of the same name, sung primarily by a Nazi character. It was written and composed by two Jewish musicians – John Kander and Fred Ebb – as part of an avowedly anti-fascist work; the nationalist character of the song serves as a warning to the musical's characters of the rise of Nazism. Nonetheless, "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" has been adopted by right-wing, neo-Nazi, and alt-right groups as an anthem.
References
- ↑ Jean-Philipp Baeck: Rechtsrock : Brauntöne in der Grauzone, 20 June 2013, retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ Andrea Röpke: Jubiläumskonzert mit "Endstufe", 15 August 2011, retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ Klaus Farin (1997). Die Skins: Mythos und Realität. Ch. Links Verlag. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-3-86153-136-4.
- ↑ Christian Dornbusch; Jan Raabe (2002). RechtsRock: Bestandsaufnahme und Gegenstrategien. Unrast. ISBN 978-3-89771-808-1.
- 1 2 Christian Menhorn (January 2001). Skinheads: Portrait einer Subkultur. Nomos. ISBN 978-3-7890-7563-6.
- ↑ Andreas Borchers; Manfred Leier (1993). Un-Heil über Deutschland: Fremdenhass und Neofaschismus nach der Wiedervereinigung. Stern-Buch im Verlag Grüner + Jahr. ISBN 978-3-570-19006-7.
- "Music Of Hate". NYTimes.com . 1994-02-08.
- "Germany Acts to Ban Songs By 5 Neo-Nazi Rock Groups". NYTimes.com . 1992-12-03.
- "GERMANY BANS NEO-NAZI MUSIC IN EFFORT TO FIGHT RIGHTIST VIOLENCE". Deseret News. Associated Press. 1992-12-03. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
- "FIRE IN IMMIGRANT HOME IN GERMANY MAY BE WORK OF NEO-NAZIS ADL PROVIDES BACKGROUND ON NEO-NAZI SKINHEADS IN GERMANY". ADL (Anti-Defamation League). January 18, 1996.
- "The Battle of Waterloo" (PDF).
- "The Observer" (PDF). The Observer.
- Mark Fritz (1992-12-03), Skinhead Researcher: Ban on Hate Music Ineffective, Associated Press
- Mark Fritz (1992-12-02). "Man Accused in Turk Deaths Slashes Wrists; Skinhead Rock Banned". Associated Press.
- Acta Slavica Iaponica. Collegium Slavicum Academiae Hokkaido. 1994. p. 131.
- Professor Ellis Cashmore (2002-09-11). Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. Routledge. pp. 344–. ISBN 978-1-134-77389-3.
- Ernest Cashmore (January 1996). Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. Psychology Press. pp. 344–. ISBN 978-0-415-15167-2.
- B'nai B'rith. Anti-defamation League (April 1995). The skinhead international: a worldwide survey of Neo-Nazi skinheads. Anti-defamation League. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-88464-166-7.
