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A skinhead is a member of a subculture which originated among working class youths in London, England, in the 1960s and soon spread to other parts of the United Kingdom, with a second working class skinhead movement emerging worldwide in the late 1970s. Motivated by social alienation and working class solidarity, skinheads are defined by their close-cropped or shaven heads and working-class clothing such as Dr. Martens and steel toe work boots, braces, high rise and varying length straight-leg jeans, and button-down collar shirts, usually slim fitting in check or plain. The movement reached a peak at the end of the 1960s, experienced a revival in the 1980s, and, since then, has endured in multiple contexts worldwide.
Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice (SHARP) are anti-racist skinheads who oppose white power skinheads, neo-fascists and other political racists, particularly if they identify themselves as skinheads. SHARPs aim to reclaim the original multicultural identity of the original skinheads, hijacked by white power skinheads, who they sometimes deride as "boneheads".
Ian Stuart Donaldson, also known as Ian Stuart, was an English neo-Nazi musician. He was best known as the front-man of Skrewdriver, a Punk band which, from 1982 onwards, he rebranded as a Rock Against Communism band. He raised money through nationalist concerts with his Blood & Honour network.
Die Toten Hosen is a German punk rock band from Düsseldorf.
Blood & Honour is a neo-Nazi music promotion network and right-wing extremist political group founded in the United Kingdom by Ian Stuart Donaldson and Nicky Crane in 1987. It is composed of White Nationalists and has links to Combat 18.
The Hammerskins are a white supremacist group formed in 1988 in Dallas, Texas. Their primary focus is the production and promotion of white power rock music, and many white power bands have been affiliated with the group. The Hammerskins were affiliated with the record label 9% Productions. The Hammerskins host several annual concerts, including Hammerfest, an annual event in both the United States and Europe in honor of deceased Hammerskin Joe Rowan, the lead singer of the band Nordic Thunder.
Böhse Onkelz, sensational spelling of böse Onkel is a German rock band formed in Frankfurt in 1980. The band reunited in 2014. Despite mass-media criticism concerning their past as skinheads, several of their later records topped the German album charts. E.I.N.S. was their most successful album, with over 510,000 copies sold.
White power skinheads, also known as racist skinheads and neo-Nazi skinheads, and prejoritively known as Boneheads, are members of a neo-Nazi, white supremacist and antisemitic offshoot of the skinhead subculture. Many of them are affiliated with white nationalist organizations and some of them are members of prison gangs. The movement emerged in the United Kingdom between the late 1960s and the late 1970s, before spreading across Europe, Russia and North America in the 1980–1990s.
Skullhead was a nationalist Oi! band from the Newcastle area. It was part of the Rock Against Communism (RAC) movement.
Der nette Mann is the debut album by German rock band Böhse Onkelz. It was released in 1984. Der nette Mann is considered the first album of the German skinhead subculture.
Skrewdriver were an English punk rock band formed by Ian Stuart Donaldson in Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire, in 1976. Originally a punk band, Skrewdriver changed into a white supremacist rock band after reuniting in the 1980s. Their original line-up split in January 1979 and Donaldson reformed the band with different musicians in 1982.
German punk is punk rock music and punk subculture in Germany since punk music became popular in the 1970s.
This is the discography for the German rock band Böhse Onkelz. According to record certifications and additional sources they have sold over 5,338,000 records and 425,000 videos/DVDs in their career. E.I.N.S. is their most successful album with over 510,000 units sold. Seven of their albums peaked at number one on the German albums chart. The Onkelz are one of the most bootlegged bands with over 250 bootlegs circulating as of 2005. Their albums spent 311 weeks on the German albums chart.
No Remorse were an English neo-Nazi and Rock Against Communism (RAC) band led by singer Paul Bellany, aka Paul Burnley.
Honor was a Polish Rock Against Communism (RAC) band. Their lyrical themes are related to Nazism, neopaganism and the white power skinhead movement. Until 1999, the band played typical RAC, and then moved to pagan metal music. In January 2002, vocalist Mariusz Szczerski was arrested for spreading neo-Nazism and antisemitism. After his death from a car accident in 2005, the band stopped playing. The band reformed in 2015 and has played since, albeit in the previous RAC style. Honor is on the Anti-Defamation League List of Hate Music Groups.
Irwin Suall was an American socialist, union organizer, civil rights activist, investigator and researcher. He was national director of fact-finding for the Anti-Defamation League from 1967 to 1997 in which capacity he directed that organization's undercover intelligence gathering on extremist groups.
White power music is music that promotes white nationalism. It encompasses various music styles, including rock, country, experimental music and folk. Ethnomusicologist Benjamin R. Teitelbaum argues that white power music "can be defined by lyrics that demonize variously conceived non-whites and advocate racial pride and solidarity. Most often, however, insiders conceptualized white power music as the combination of those themes with pounding rhythms and a charging punk or metal-based accompaniment." Genres include Nazi punk, Rock Against Communism, National Socialist black metal, and fashwave.
Combat 18 is a neo-Nazi terrorist organisation that was founded in 1992. It originated in the United Kingdom, with ties to movements in Canada and the United States. Since then it has spread to other countries, including Germany. Combat 18 members have been suspected of being involved and directly responsible in the deaths of numerous immigrants, non-whites, German politician Walter Lübcke and other C18 members.
Georg Thurmair was a German poet who wrote around 300 hymns, a writer, journalist and author of documentary films.
References
- ↑ Jean-Philipp Baeck: Rechtsrock : Brauntöne in der Grauzone, 20 June 2013, retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ Andrea Röpke: Jubiläumskonzert mit "Endstufe", 15 August 2011, retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ Klaus Farin (1997). Die Skins: Mythos und Realität. Ch. Links Verlag. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-3-86153-136-4.
- ↑ Christian Dornbusch; Jan Raabe (2002). RechtsRock: Bestandsaufnahme und Gegenstrategien. Unrast. ISBN 978-3-89771-808-1.
- 1 2 Christian Menhorn (January 2001). Skinheads: Portrait einer Subkultur. Nomos. ISBN 978-3-7890-7563-6.
- ↑ Andreas Borchers; Manfred Leier (1993). Un-Heil über Deutschland: Fremdenhass und Neofaschismus nach der Wiedervereinigung. Stern-Buch im Verlag Grüner + Jahr. ISBN 978-3-570-19006-7.
- "Music Of Hate". NYTimes.com . 1994-02-08.
- "Germany Acts to Ban Songs By 5 Neo-Nazi Rock Groups". NYTimes.com . 1992-12-03.
- "GERMANY BANS NEO-NAZI MUSIC IN EFFORT TO FIGHT RIGHTIST VIOLENCE". Deseret News. Associated Press. 1992-12-03.
- "FIRE IN IMMIGRANT HOME IN GERMANY MAY BE WORK OF NEO-NAZIS ADL PROVIDES BACKGROUND ON NEO-NAZI SKINHEADS IN GERMANY". ADL (Anti-Defamation League). January 18, 1996.
- "The Battle of Waterloo" (PDF).
- "The Observer" (PDF). The Observer.
- Mark Fritz (1992-12-03), Skinhead Researcher: Ban on Hate Music Ineffective, Associated Press
- Mark Fritz (1992-12-02). "Man Accused in Turk Deaths Slashes Wrists; Skinhead Rock Banned". Associated Press.
- Acta Slavica Iaponica. Collegium Slavicum Academiae Hokkaido. 1994. p. 131.
- Professor Ellis Cashmore (2002-09-11). Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. Routledge. pp. 344–. ISBN 978-1-134-77389-3.
- Ernest Cashmore (January 1996). Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. Psychology Press. pp. 344–. ISBN 978-0-415-15167-2.
- B'nai B'rith. Anti-defamation League (April 1995). The skinhead international: a worldwide survey of Neo-Nazi skinheads. Anti-defamation League. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-88464-166-7.
