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In anatomy, the epidural space is the potential space between the dura mater and vertebrae (spine).
In humans, the tectospinal tract is a decussating extrapyramidal tract that coordinates head/neck and eye movements.
The rubrospinal tract is one of the descending tracts of the spinal cord. It is a motor control pathway that originates in the red nucleus. It is a part of the lateral indirect extrapyramidal tract.
The accessory cuneate nucleus is a nucleus situated in the caudal medulla oblongata just lateral to the cuneate nucleus. It relays unconscious proprioceptive sensory information from the upper limb and upper trunk to the cerebellum via the cuneocerebellar fibers.
The internal carotid plexus is a nerve plexus situated upon the lateral side of the internal carotid artery. It is composed of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres which have synapsed at the superior cervical ganglion. The plexus gives rise to the deep petrosal nerve.
The oral pontine reticular nucleus, or rostral pontine reticular nucleus is one of the two components of the medial (efferent/motor) zone of the pontine reticular formation - the other being the caudal pontine reticular nucleus. The efferents of these two structures together give rise to the medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract. A population of their neurons together also form the paramedian pontine reticular formation which is involved in the coordination of horizontal conjugate eye movements in response to head movements.
The trigeminal tubercle or tuberculum cinereum is a raised area upon the lateral dorsal/posterior aspect of the medulla oblongata produced by the underlying spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated just lateral to the tuberculum cuneatus, between the rootlets of the accessory nerve and posterolateral sulcus.
The vestibulocerebellar tract fibers are second-order fibers from the vestibular nuclei, and first-order fibers from the vestibular ganglion/nerve. They pass through the juxtarestiform body of the inferior cerebellar peduncle to reach the cerebellum, They terminate in the vestibulocerebellum, and part of the vermis as well as the dentate nucleus, and fastigial nucleus in each hemisphere They are involved in maintaining balance.
The ciliospinal center is a cluster of pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies located in the intermediolateral cell column at spinal cord segment T1-T2
The anterior and posterior radicular arteries are 32 pairs of small/ variously sized arteries that enter an intervertebral foramen, bifurcating within it to form an anterior and a posterior radicular artery which accompany the anterior root and posterior root of a spinal nerve, respectively. They supply the corresponding spinal cord segment as well as the anterior and posterior root of the spinal nerve and its sensory ganglion.
The juxtarestiform body is the smaller, medial subdivision of each inferior cerebellar peduncle.
The dorsal trigeminal tract are uncrossed second-order sensory fibers conveying fine (discriminative) touch and pressure information from the dorsomedial division of principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve to the ipsilateral ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus. Second-order fibers from the ventrolateral division of the principal sensory nucleus meanwhile cross-over to ascend contralaterally in the ventral trigeminal tract along with those fibers arising from the spinal trigeminal nucleus.
The hypothalamospinal tract is an unmyelinated non-decussated descending nerve tract that arises in the hypothalamus and projects to the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse with pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons.
The raphespinal tract is a descending spinal cord tract located in the medulla oblongata. It consists of two tracts an anterior raphespinal tract, and a lateral raphespinal tract that mainly descend in the lateral funiculus. Fibers descend in the ventral portion of the lateral funiculus, mainly bilaterally to terminate in laminae I, II, and IV.
Radicular veins are segmental veins providing venous drainage of the spinal cord and canal. They communicate with anterior and posterior spinal veins as well as epidural venous plexus. They exit the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramina, accompanying the corresponding of radicular arteries.
The spinohypothalamic tract or spinohypothalamic fibers is a sensory fiber tract projecting from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus directly to mediate reflex autonomic and endocrine responses to painful stimuli (the hypothalamus receives additional indirect nociceptive projections from the reticular formation, and periaqueductal gray. The fibers of this tract synapse with hypothalamic neurons which in turn give rise to the hypothalamospinal tract that mediates the response of the autonomic nervous system to pain.
The dorsolateral pontine reticular formation contains noradrenergic pain-inhibiting neurons which project to inhibitory interneurons of the substantia gelatinosa of the posterior grey column in the spinal cord. It thus complements the classical serotonergic-opioid peptide descending pain-inhibiting system: whereas the serotonergic-opioid peptide pathway ultimately pre-synaptically inhibits first-order nociceptive group C neurons, the DLPRF inhibits - by way of presumably GABAergic inhibitory interneurons - the second-order neurons of the ascending pain pathway. The DLPRF pathway is not affected by opioid agonists or antagonists.
The cortico-olivary fibers are axons of neurons projecting from the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and somatosensory cortex bilaterally to both inferior olivary nuclei as part of the cortico-olivocerebellar pathway. They follows the same course as the corticopontine fibers. The inferior olivary nuclei subsequently project to the contralateral (cerebro)cerebellum via the olivocerebellar fibers. This pathway constitutes one of the three main afferent pathways of the cerebellum.
The nucleus of the posterior commissure is one of the accessory oculomotor nuclei situated in the mesencephalon (midbrain) at its junction with the diencephalon. It is involved in coordinating head-eye movements. It is situated near the oculomotor nucleus. It is thought to receive afferents from the ipsilateral cerebellum.
The spinomesencephalic pathway, spinomesencephalic tract or spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott, includes a number of ascending tracts in the spinal cord, including the spinotectal tract. The spinomesencephalic tract is one of the ascending tracts in the anterolateral system of the spinal cord that projects to various parts of the midbrain. It is involved in the processing of pain and visceral sensations.
References
- ↑ Patestas, Maria A.; Gartner, Leslie P. (2016). A Textbook of Neuroanatomy (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-118-67746-9.
- ↑ "Anatomy of the Epidural Space" University of Washington
- ↑ Detlev Uhlenbrock, Dirk Brechtelsbauer "MR imaging of the spine and spinal cord" pg469
- ↑ Patestas, Maria A.; Gartner, Leslie P. (2016). A Textbook of Neuroanatomy (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-118-67746-9.
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