Identification of the Romanov family remains
Hagelberg played a key role in the identification of remains of the Romanov family, the Russian imperial family, who were murdered in 1918 by the Bolsheviks. Their bodies had been mutilated with grenades before burial to prevent identification. [15] Nine skeletons were analysed, including those of the putative Tsarina and three of her daughters, and their DNA was compared to that of living descendants. [16] Hagelberg conducted the laboratory analysis, extracting, amplifying, and sequencing the bone samples, blindly and in a separate laboratory. [16] She extracted DNA from bone fragments using a method she had developed previously, now modified, as described in her 1991 article coauthored with the molecular biologist John Clegg. [17] Hagelberg removed the outer surfaces of bone fragments from the skeletons by sanding with a flap-wheel attached to a high-speed drill. The remaining bone was frozen in liquid nitrogen, ground to a fine powder, mixed with Proteinase, extracted three times, centrifuged in a Centricon 30 microconcentrator, washed and centrifuged again. The DNA derived from this process was compared with blood samples from maternal relatives of the Tsar and Tsarina, supplied as a liquid or stains on cotton cloth, which were then extracted. [16]
Hagelberg has also used mitochondrial DNA to study the migration of human populations. [12] "Bone DNA-typing allows the direct investigation of the genetic affinities of past populations". [18] Hagelberg extracted DNA from mammoth bones. [19] She used a molecular clock based on cytochrome b on two Asian specimens, one from the Taymyr Peninsula, and the other from the region of the Allaikha River. [20] The analysis of these Siberian samples, which were provided through the Russian Academy of Sciences, has consequences for the taxonomy of Mammuthus . [21]
In 1998 Hagelberg left Cambridge and joined the University of Otago in New Zealand. There she continued her research on human migrations in the Pacific Islands, by examining mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Polynesian and Melanesian bones to resolve conflicting opinions on the migratory patterns. [22] [23] She also investigated the genetic origins of the people of the Andaman Islands. She found that the Andamanese are genetically more similar to Asian as opposed to African populations, predicting they are descendants of the paleolithic colonies in Southeast Asia. [24] Hagelberg has also written on the evolution of language, and how social complexity is related to brain size. [25] She is interested in how reliable mitochondrial DNA is in studies of human evolution and phylogenetics. [26] [27]
In 2002 Hagelberg joined the University of Oslo. [28] [29] Hagelberg investigates how definitions of biological race are used by evolutionary biologists. [30] Her work has been covered in The Guardian and The New York Times. [31] [32] She has written several articles for Nature, including 'DNA from Ancient Mammoth Bones' and 'DNA from Ancient Easter Islanders'. [33] [34]
She has written several books and edited both The Oxford Companion to Archaeology and Life and Death in Asia Minor in Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Times: Studies in Archaeology and Bioarchaeology. [35] [36] She edited a themed issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society on Ancient DNA. [4]
