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Esteban Pavletich Trujillo | |
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| Born | 13 May 1906 |
| Died | 8 February 1981 (aged 74) |
| Education | Pontifical Catholic University of Peru National University of San Marcos |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, Journalist, Political Activist |
| Organization | American Popular Revolutionary Alliance |
Esteban Pavletich Trujillo (13 May 1906 - 8 February 1981) was a Croatian-Peruvian writer, journalist, and political activist.
Esteban Pavletich Trujillo was born in Huánuco, Peru on 13 May 1906 to parents Esteban Pavletich Stiglich and Josefa Melida Trujillo Vega, a Croatian immigrant and a Huánuco native, respectively.
In 1925, at age 18, Pavletich became the president of the Federation of Students of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, soon rising to the post of Minister of the Interior of the National Federation of Students. He was deported to Panama later that year for his activism.
Following his deportation from Peru, Pavletich became involved in many student, labor, and political movements throughout Central America. He became affiliated with the then-Mexico-based American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, and represented them at the headquarters of Augusto César Sandino's guerilla army in Mérida, Yucatán. [1]
Following the overthrow of the dictator Augusto B. Leguía by Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in 1930, Pavletich attempted to return to Peru, upon the advice of Peruvian Communist Party leader José Carlos Mariátegui, but was deported by the Sánchez Cerro junta the following year, this time to Ecuador. Pavletich was able to escape en route to Ecuador, but was quickly recaptured, imprisoned in El Frontón, and then deported once again to Chile.
In 1933, following the transition from military junta to democratic government, Pavletich returned once more to Peru. There he became a journalist. The program of political liberalization led by President Manuel Prado Ugarteche (first elected in 1939, with the support of the APRA) allowed political activists to operate in the country much more openly. This allowed Pavletich to become more of a public figure. He became the director of El Peruano , the official daily newspaper of Peru, and his literary works garnered much public and critical acclaim.
Pavletich died in Lima on 8 February 1981, at the age of 74.
Pavletich won the National Novel Award of Peru in 1959 for his novel No se suicidan los muertos (English: The dead do not commit suicide).
In 1960, the French Minister of Culture, André Malraux, named Pavletich a Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters.
The history of Peru spans 15 millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the six cradles of civilization in the world. When the Spanish arrived in the sixteenth century, Peru was the homeland of the highland Inca Empire, the largest and most advanced state in pre-Columbian America. After the conquest of the Incas, the Spanish Empire established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction over most of its South American domains. Peru declared independence from Spain in 1821, but achieved independence only after the Battle of Ayacucho three years later.
Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre was a Peruvian politician, philosopher, and author who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement, the oldest currently existing political party in Peru by the name of the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP).
Óscar Raymundo Benavides Larrea was a Peruvian field marshal, diplomat, and politician who served as the 38th and 42nd (1933–1939) President of Peru, with his latter term being a period of authoritarian fascism.
La Libertad is a department and region in northwestern Peru. Formerly it was known as the Department of La Libertad. It is bordered by the Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Amazonas regions on the north, the San Martín Region on the east, the Ancash and Huánuco regions on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its capital is Trujillo, which is the nation's third biggest city. The region's main port is Salaverry, one of Peru's largest ports. The name of the region is Spanish for "freedom" or "liberty"; it was named in honor of the Intendancy of Trujillo's proclaiming independence from Spain in 1820 and fighting for that. It is the ninth smallest department in Peru, but it is also its second-most populous department after Piura and its second-most densely populated department after Lambayeque.
Manuel Carlos Prado y Ugarteche was a Peruvian politician and banker who served twice as President of Peru. Son of former president Mariano Ignacio Prado, he was born in Lima and served as the nation's 43rd (1939–1945) and 46th (1956–1962) president. His brother, Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez, was a military hero who died in 1883, six years before Manuel Prado was born.
Mariano Ignacio Prado Ochoa was a Peruvian army general who served as the 17th and 21st President of Peru.
The Revolutionary Union, was a nationalist political party in Peru founded in 1931 by Luis M. Sánchez Cerro, former president of Peru. The party was formed following the coup with which Sanchez Cerro overthrew the eleven-year dictatorship of Augusto B. Leguía. Initially an authoritarian-populist organization, the party later transitioned towards fascism following the assassination of its founder, with Luis A. Flores assuming leadership in 1933 and consolidating this ideological shift.
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro was a high-ranking Peruvian army officer, revolutionary, nationalist and politician who served as the 41st President of Peru, from 1931 to 1933 as well as Interim President of Peru, officially as the President of the Provisional Government Junta, from 1930 to 1931. On August 22, 1930, as a lieutenant-colonel, he overturned the eleven-year dictatorship of Augusto B. Leguía after a coup d'état in Arequipa.
Luis Antonio Eguiguren Escudero was a Peruvian educator, magistrate, historian and politician. He was the director of the General Archive (File) of the Nation (1914), Alderman of Lima (1914–1920), Mayor of Lima (1930), President of the Constituent Congress (1930–1932), founder and leader of the Peruvian Social Democratic Party. He won the Peruvian presidential election of 1936, but his victory was ignored by the Congress and the then-President Oscar R. Benavides, who claimed that he had won with votes of the APRA. He presided over the Supreme Court and the Judiciary in 1953 and 1954.
Croatian Peruvians are Peruvians of Croatian descent. Mostly settled in the Peruvian capital, Lima, Croatian-Peruvians have scattered throughout the vast metropolis, but are known to have established a strong community in the Miraflores District, where strong ties to the ethnic group still remain. Due to intermarriage, most Croatian-Peruvians are of mixed ancestry. Actual conversations in Croatian are common only within first generation immigrants. Although Croatian speech in Peru has been generally lost.
Daniel Alomía Robles was a Peruvian composer and ethnomusicologist. He is best known for composing the song "El Cóndor Pasa" in 1913 as part of a zarzuela — a musical play that alternates between spoken and sung parts — of the same name. This song was based on Andean folk songs and is possibly the best known Peruvian song, partly due to the worldwide success that the melody obtained when it was used by Simon & Garfunkel as their music for "El Cóndor Pasa ", although that song has different lyrics.
José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma, 6th Marquess of Montealegre de Aulestia and 5th of Casa-Dávila was a Peruvian lawyer, historian, writer, essayist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Peru, Minister of Justice and Mayor of Lima. He was a leading member of the so-called Generation of 900, a conservative ideological movement of the early 20th century that also included other important member of Peruvian society, such as Víctor Andrés Belaúnde, Francisco García Calderón Rey, Óscar Miró Quesada de la Guerra and José Gálvez Barrenechea.
The Copa Ciudad de Trujillo, was an international exhibition football competition hosted in Trujillo, Peru since 2010. It features four teams: Trujillo's major team Universidad César Vallejo, and guest teams from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. All matches are played at the Estadio Mansiche in Trujillo, the home stadium of the Universidad César Vallejo.
Ernesto Montagne Markholz was a Peruvian military officer, diplomat, and politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of Lieutenant Colonel Luis Sánchez Cerro (1930–1931). In the second government of Óscar R. Benavides, he served as Minister of Justice, Instruction, Worship and Charity (1934–1935), Minister of Public Education (1935–1939) and President of the Council of Ministers (1936–1939). He was also a senator of the Republic (1939–1948) and President of the Senate (1939–1941).
The 1930 Peruvian coup d'état took place on August 22–27, 1930, headed by commander Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in Arequipa, although with the support of Manuel María Ponce Brousset's force in Lima, against President Augusto B. Leguía.
The 1931 Santa Catalina mutiny took place on March 23, 1931, at the Santa Catalina Fort, located in the neighbourhood of Barrios Altos of Lima, Peru. The mutiny was led by Second sergeant Víctor Faustino Huapaya Chacón and involved practically the entire troop of the 5th Infantry Regiment. However, Sergeant Huapaya did not have any political objective and the mutiny was quickly defeated by troops under the command of the commander Gustavo Jiménez.
On April 30, 1933, Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, then president of Peru, was assassinated while riding in his presidential convertible at the Santa Beatriz racetrack in Santa Beatriz, a neighbourhood of Lima, Peru. Sánchez Cerro was accompanied by Prime Minister José Matías Manzanilla, Chief of Military Staff Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez and his aide-de-camp, Major Eleazar Atencio, when he was fatally shot by APRA militant Abelardo Mendoza Leyva. Sánchez Cerro was rushed to the Italian Hospital where he was pronounced dead two hours later. Also killed in the attack was Mr. Rodríguez Pisco, a member of the Republican Guard who had attempted to protect the president.
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