Historical ethnic composition of Moscow | |||||||
Ethnic group | 1939 [2] | 1959 [3] | 1970 [4] | 1979 [5] | 1989 [6] | 2002 [7] | |
Russians | 987,044 | 3,614,430 | 4,507,899 | 6,301,247 | 7,146,682 | 7,963,246 | 8,808,009 |
Ukrainians | 4,478 | 90,479 | 115,489 | 184,885 | 206,875 | 252,670 | 253,644 |
Tatars | 4,288 | 57,687 | 80,489 | 109,252 | 131,328 | 157,376 | 166,083 |
Armenians | 1,604 | 13,682 | 18,379 | 25,584 | 31,414 | 43,989 | 124,425 |
Azerbaijanis | 677 | 2,528 | 9,563 | 7,967 | 20,727 | 95,563 | |
Jews | 5,070 | 250,181 | 239,246 | 251,350 | 222,900 | 174,728 | 79,359 |
Belarusians | 1,016 | 24,952 | 34,370 | 50,257 | 59,193 | 73,005 | 59,353 |
Georgians | 4,251 | 6,365 | 4,195 | 12,180 | 19,608 | 54,387 | |
TOTAL | 1,038,591 | 4,137,018 | 7,061,008 | 7,931,602 | 8,875,579 | 10,382,754 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
^a By native language |
Moscow is the most populous city in Europe and Russia, population of which is mostly made up of ethnic Russians, but it also hosts a significant population of ethnic minorities. The last census of 2021 reported 69.7% of the population was Russian. [8]
According to the 2010 Russian census, more than 20 ethnic groups resided in Moscow. As of 2021, Russians made up 69.7% of population (90.2% among those who declared their ethnicity during the survey).
Ethnicity | Year | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1897 [9] [lower-alpha 1] | 1939 [10] | 1959 [11] | 1970 [12] | 1979 [13] | 1989 [14] | 2002 [15] | 2010[ citation needed ] | 2021 [16] | ||||||||||||
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Population | % | % of ethnicity declared | Population | % | % of ethnicity declared | |
Russians | 987,044 | 95.0% | 3,614,430 | 87.4% | 4,507,899 | 88.6% | 6,301,247 | 89.2% | 7,146,682 | 90.1% | 7,963,246 | 89.7% | 8,808,009 | 84.8% | 9,930,410 | 86.3% | 91.6% | 9,074,375 | 69.7% | 90.2% |
Tatars | 4,288 | 0.1% | 57,687 | 1.4% | 80,489 | 1.6% | 109,252 | 1.5% | 131,328 | 1.7% | 157,376 | 1.8% | 166,083 | 1.6% | 149,043 | 1.3% | 1.4% | 84,373 | 0.6% | 0.8% |
Armenians | 1,604 | 0.1% | 13,682 | 0.3% | 18,379 | 0.4% | 25,584 | 0.4% | 31,414 | 0.4% | 43,989 | 0.5% | 124,425 | 1.2% | 106,466 | 0.9% | 1.0% | 68,018 | 0.5% | 0.7% |
Ukrainians | 4,478 | 0.4% | 90,479 | 2.2% | 115,489 | 2.3% | 184,885 | 2.6% | 206,875 | 2.6% | 252,670 | 2.8% | 253,644 | 2.4% | 154,104 | 1.3% | 1.4% | 58,788 | 0.5% | 0.6% |
Azerbaijanis | – | – | 677 | – | 2,528 | – | 4,889 | – | 7,967 | 0.1% | 20,727 | 0.2% | 95,563 | 0.9% | 57,123 | 0.5% | 0.5% | 37,259 | 0.3% | 0.4% |
Uzbeks | – | – | 659 | – | 2,478 | – | 5,973 | – | 4,222 | – | 9,183 | 0.1% | 9,183 | 0.1% | 35,595 | 0.3% | 0.3% | 29,526 | 0.2% | 0.3% |
Jews | 5,070 | 0.4% | 250,181 | 6.0% | 239,246 | 4.7% | 251,350 | 3.6% | 222,900 | 2.8% | 174,728 | 2.0% | 79,359 | 0.8% | 53,145 | 0.5% | 0.5% | 28,014 | 0.2% | 0.3% |
Georgians | – | – | 4,251 | 0.1% | 6,365 | 0.1% | 9,563 | 0.1% | 12,180 | 0.2% | 19,608 | 0.2% | 54,387 | 0.5% | 38,934 | 0.3% | 0.4% | 26,222 | 0.2% | 0.3% |
Tajiks | – | – | 184 | – | 1,005 | – | 1,652 | – | 1,221 | – | 2,893 | – | 35,385 | 0.4% | 27,280 | 0.2% | 0.2% | 22,783 | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Belarusians | 1,016 | – | 24,952 | 0.6% | 34,370 | 0.7% | 50,257 | 0.7% | 59,193 | 0.7% | 73,005 | 0.8% | 59,353 | 0.6% | 39,225 | 0.3% | 0.4% | 17,632 | 0.1% | 0.2% |
Kyrgyz | – | – | 77 | – | – | – | – | – | 1,173 | – | 3,044 | – | 4,102 | – | 18,736 | 0.2% | 0.2% | 16,858 | 0.1% | 0.2% |
Others | – | – | 76,173 | 225,031 | 2.0% | 2.1% | 595,543 | 4.6% | 5.9% | |||||||||||
No ethnicity declared | – | – | 668,409 | 5.8% | – | 2,950,721 | 22.7% | – | ||||||||||||
Total | 1,038,591 | 100% | 4,137,018 | 100% | 5,085,581 | 100% | 7,061,008 | 100% | 7,931,602 | 100% | 8,875,579 | 100% | 10,382,754 | 100% | 11,503,501 | 100% | 100% (10,835,092) | 13,010,112 | 100% | 100% (10,059,391) |
The term Caucasus refers to a geographical area in the South of Russia and beyond. The Caucasus itself is diverse in terms of religion, language and culture.
In modern Russia, "Caucasians" (кавказцы, kavkaztsy) is an umbrella term for people from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Northern Caucasus: Chechnya, Dagestan, Northern Ossetia, etc.
The Armenian community of Moscow is one of the largest Armenian communities outside Armenia and one of the largest ethnic minorities of Moscow. In fact, some estimates even say that Moscow's Armenian population is equal to the population of Armenian capital Yerevan.
See also: History of Jews in Moscow
Jews were the largest non-Slavic ethnic group in Moscow before the collapse of the Soviet Union. Their number dwindled from 251,350 in 1970 to 53,145 in 2010. As most Russian Jews, Moscow Jews also migrated to Israel and the US.
Jews began to settle in Moscow around the 16th century. In the 19th as the Pale of Settlement was instructed Jews were forbidden to settle in the city except for those who served in the army and after their end of service allowed to stay in the city. In 1848 there were 313 Jews in Moscow. In 1861, during the reign of Tsar Alexander II, "useful Jews", such as scholars, merchants and artisans, were allowed to settle in Moscow and the number of Jews grew rapidly. In 1890 they numbered 40,000 men and the community built synagogues, schools and charities, many located in the Zarayadye quarter on the Moskva River and in Marina Rostcha neighborhood. [18]
Nevertheless, after the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, a more radical policy was adopted towards the Jews. Jewish enrolment was restricted in schools and universities and in 1891 all Jews were forced out of Moscow.
After the Russian Revolution in 1917 the pale of settlement was abolished and Jews were permitted to settle again in the city, many of whom were refugees. In the 1920s and 30s, the state promoted Yiddish-language arts and literature in an effort to influence its Jewish citizens. This resulted in a brief, rich cultural flourishing exemplified by the famed Moscow State Yiddish Theatre, whose inaugural production (1921) was a staging of Sholem Aleichem's stories with sets by Marc Chagall. In 1939 there were around 250,000 Jews in Moscow. [18]
During WWII many Jews fled to inner parts of the Soviet Union but most of them returned at the end of the war and by 1970 there were again around 250,000 Jews in Moscow.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, most of Jews emigrated from the city. In that period there was a revival of Jewish religious life, the leading bodies of Russia’s Jewish organizations were centered in Moscow and a number of synagogues re-opened. In 2010 there were 53,000 Russian Jews living in Moscow although it is estimated that there are around 150,000 people of Jewish origin in the city. [19]
In addition, Moscow has one of the largest Israeli expatriate communities in the world, with 80,000 Israeli citizens living in the city as of 2014, almost all of them native Russian-speakers from Israel. [20] [21]
The history of the Jews in Armenia is one of the Jewish communities in the Caucasus region. There is evidence of Jewish settlement in the Armenian Highlands dating as early 1st century BC.
The Lom people, also known by non-Loms as Bosha or Posha or as Armenian Romani or Caucasian Romani, are an ethnic group originating from the Indian subcontinent. Their Lomavren language is a mixed language, combining an Indo-Aryan substrate with Armenian.
Sharur is a city in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. It is the administrative centre of the Sharur District. The city is located 66 km northwest of Nakhchivan city, on the Sharur plain.
The following is a summary of censuses carried out in the Soviet Union:
The Elizavetpol Governorate, also known after 1918 as the Ganja Governorate, was a province (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Yelisavetpol. The area of the governorate stretched 38,922.43 square versts and was composed of 1,275,131 inhabitants in 1916. The Elizavetpol Governorate bordered the Erivan Governorate to the west, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the north, the Dagestan Oblast to the northeast, the Baku Governorate to the east, and Iran to the south.
The Black Sea Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, established in 1896 on the territory of the Black Sea Okrug of the Kuban Oblast. The administrative center of the governorate was the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. In 1905, the population of the governorate was approximately 70,000 and its area was 6,455 square versts, making it the smallest Russian governorate by both measures. The governorate ceased to exist when the Black Sea Soviet Republic was established on its territory in the spring of 1918—later the governorate was incorporated into the Kuban-Black Sea Oblast of the Russian SFSR in March 1920.
Tiflis Governorate was a province (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire with its administrative centre in Tiflis. In 1897, it constituted 44,607 square kilometres (17,223 sq mi) in area and had a population of 1,051,032 inhabitants. Tiflis Governorate bordered Elizavetpol Governorate to the southeast, Erivan Governorate to the south, Kars Oblast to the southwest, Batum Oblast to the west, Kutaisi Governorate to the northwest, Terek Oblast to the north, Dagestan Oblast to the northeast, and after 1905, the Zakatal Okrug to the east. The governorate covered areas of central and southeastern Georgia, the partially recognised state of South Ossetia, most of the Lori Province of Armenia, small parts of northwestern Azerbaijan, and a minuscule southern part of Ingushetia of Russia.
Preobrazheniye is an urban locality in Lazovsky District of Primorsky Krai, Russia, located on the Preobrazheniye Bay of the Sea of Japan. Population: 7,184 (2010 Census); 9,335 (2002 Census); 12,213 (1989 Soviet census).
The Dagestan Oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day southeastern Dagestan within the Russian Federation. The Dagestan oblast was created in 1860 out of the territories of the former Caucasian Imamate, bordering the Terek Oblast to the north, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the west, the Elizavetpol Governorate to the south, and Baku Governorate to the east. The administrative center of the oblast was Temir-Khan-Shura.
The Terek Oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, roughly corresponding to the central part of Russia's North Caucasian Federal District. Тhe оblast was created out of the former territories of the North Caucasian Peoples, following their conquests by Russia throughout the 19th century. The Terek Oblast bordered the Astrakhan and Stavropol governorates to the north, the Kuban Oblast to the west, the Kutaisi and Tiflis governorates to the south, and the Dagestan Oblast to the east. The administrative center of the oblast was Vladikavkaz, the current capital of North Ossetia–Alania within Russia.
The 1959 Soviet census conducted in January 1959 was the first post-World War II census held in the Soviet Union.
Kaluga Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed in 1796–1929. Its capital was Kaluga.
In January 1979, the Soviet Union conducted its first census in nine years. Between 1970 and 1979, the total Soviet population increased from 241,720,134 to 262,084,654, an increase of 8.4%.
The census in Azerbaijan is a process of collecting, summarizing, analyzing and publishing the demographic, economic and social data of the population living in the territory of Azerbaijan. The next census in the Republic is expected to be held in 2029.
Yar-Sale is a rural locality in Russia located east of Salekhard near the Gulf of Ob in the northern part of Western Siberia. It is the administrative center of Yamalsky District, one of seven in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Tyumen Oblast.
Tyotkino is an urban locality on the left bank of the Seym river in Glushkovsky District of Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population: 3,852 (2021 Census); 4,223 (2010 Census); 5,224 (2002 Census); 5,375 (1989 Soviet census).
Between 1929 and 1995, Armenia's administrative subdivisions consisted of up to 37 raions and 22 cities. Originally formed from the territory of the tsarist uezds (counties) between 24 June 1929 and 1930, the districts of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and later the independent Republic of Armenia were combined on 11 April 1995 into ten provinces known as marzes, in addition to Yerevan which, being the capital of the country, was granted a special administrative status. Prior to the establishment of the raions, Soviet Armenia consisted of nine uezds, three of which were formed after the Sovietization of Armenia and the 1921 delineation of the South Caucasian republics' frontiers.
The Noyemberyan District was a raion (district) of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1937 to 1991 and of the Republic of Armenia from 1991 to 1995. It now constitutes the northeastern part of the Tavush Province (marz) of Armenia. Its administrative center was the town of the same name.