Europa Cliffs

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The Europa Cliffs ( 70°52′S68°45′W / 70.867°S 68.750°W / -70.867; -68.750 Coordinates: 70°52′S68°45′W / 70.867°S 68.750°W / -70.867; -68.750 ) are a group of interconnected hills and rock ridges on the west side of Jupiter Glacier in eastern Alexander Island, Antarctica. They were mapped from trimetrogon air photography taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–48, and from survey by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1948–50. They were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee from association with Jupiter Glacier after Europa, one of the satellites of the planet Jupiter. [1]

Geographic coordinate system Coordinate system

A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two or three of the numbers represent a horizontal position; alternatively, a geographic position may be expressed in a combined three-dimensional Cartesian vector. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation. To specify a location on a plane requires a map projection.

Jupiter Glacier is a glacier on the east coast of Alexander Island, Antarctica, 10 nautical miles (19 km) long and 5 nautical miles (9 km) wide at its mouth, which flows east into George VI Sound to the south of Ablation Valley. It was first photographed from the air on November 23, 1935, by Lincoln Ellsworth and mapped from these photos by W.L.G. Joerg. It was roughly surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition, and was named for the planet Jupiter by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey following their surveys in 1948 and 1949.

Alexander Island island in the Bellingshausen Sea off Antarctica

Alexander Island, which is also known as Alexander I Island, Alexander I Land, Alexander Land, Alexander I Archipelago, and Zemlja Alexandra I, is the largest island of Antarctica. It lies in the Bellingshausen Sea west of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula from which it is separated by Marguerite Bay and George VI Sound. George VI Ice Shelf entirely fills George VI Sound and connects Alexander Island to Palmer Land. The island partly surrounds Wilkins Sound, which lies to its west. Alexander Island is about 390 kilometres (240 mi) long in a north-south direction, 80 kilometres (50 mi) wide in the north, and 240 kilometres (150 mi) wide in the south. Alexander Island is the second largest uninhabited island in the world, after Devon Island.

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Lewald Glacier glacier in Antarctica

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Apollo Glacier glacier in Antarctica

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Grotto Glacier is a glacier on the east coast of Alexander Island, Antarctica, which flows east into George VI Sound between Belemnite Point and Ablation Point. It is 46 km (29 mi) long, 6 km (4 mi) wide where it emerges from the coastal mountains, and 13 km (8.1 mi) wide at its mouth. It was first photographed from the air on 23 November 1935, by Lincoln Ellsworth and mapped from these photographs by W.L.G. Joerg. It was roughly surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition and resurveyed in 1949 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS). The glacier was so named by the FIDS because a sledge dog was rescued from a grotto-likecrevasse in the glacier.

Earnshaw Glacier is a glacier 10 nautical miles (19 km) long, flowing northward to the east of Norwood Scarp and entering Maitland Glacier to the south of Werner Peak, in the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. It was photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service on September 28, 1940. It was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in January 1961, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Thomas Earnshaw, an English watchmaker who made innovations leading to the modern marine chronometer.

Flatiron Valley is a north-south valley including a sub-glacial lake, located in the south part of the Ganymede Heights, marginal to Jupiter Glacier, situated in eastern Alexander Island, Antarctica. The name derives from field work in 1978–79 by the Department of Geography, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, with British Antarctic Survey support. It was named from the triangular slope facets between prominent gullies on the west side of the valley. The site lies within Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.147.

Frankenfield Glacier glacier in Antarctica

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The Galileo Cliffs are a line of east–west cliffs, 5 nautical miles (9 km) long, standing between Grotto Glacier and Jupiter Glacier, 7 nautical miles (13 km) west of Ablation Point, in eastern Alexander Island, Antarctica. They were mapped from trimetrogon air photography taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, 1947–48, and from survey by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1948–50. They were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee from association with Jupiter Glacier after Galileo Galilei, the Italian astronomer who discovered the Galilean moons, the four named satellites of Jupiter (1564-1642).

The Ganymede Heights consist of rounded ridges with extensive rock outcrops rising to about 600 m (2,000 ft), between Jupiter Glacier and Ablation Valley on the eastern side of Alexander Island, Antarctica. They were mapped by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys from satellite imagery supplied by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration in cooperation with the US Geological Survey. They were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee from association with Jupiter Glacier after Ganymede, one of the satellites of the planet Jupiter. The feature also lies close to the Galileo Cliffs, which were named for the moon's discoverer, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). The site lies within Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.147.

Meridian Glacier is a broad glacier, 9 nautical miles (17 km) long, which flows south along the west side of Godfrey Upland and joins Clarke Glacier between Behaim Peak and Elton Hill, in southern Graham Land, Antarctica. Finn Ronne and Carl R. Eklund of the United States Antarctic Service travelled along this glacier in January 1941. It was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in November 1947, and was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in December 1958. The glacier was so named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee because the glacier flows from north to south along the meridian.

Himalia Ridge is a ridge running east–west on the north side of the Ganymede Heights massif, north-east of Jupiter Glacier, in the east of Alexander Island, Antarctica. It was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947 and mapped from these photographs by D. Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960. The ridge was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee following British Antarctic Survey geological work, 1983–84, after Himalia, a satellite of the planet Jupiter, in association with Jupiter Glacier. The site lies within Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.147.

Hushen Glacier is a glacier lying at the southwestern part of the base of the Mendelssohn Inlet, an inlet lying between Derocher Peninsula and Eroica Peninsula indenting the north face of Beethoven Peninsula, in the southwestern portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The glacier flows northeast while joining Reuning Glacier which discharges into the south part of Mendelssohn Inlet. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from U.S. Navy aerial photographs taken 1967–68 and from Landsat imagery taken 1972–73, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for W. Timothy Hushen, Director of the Polar Research Board at the National Academy of Sciences, 1981–88.

Venus Glacier is a glacier on the east coast of Alexander Island, Antarctica, 10 nautical miles (18 km) long and 6 nautical miles (11 km) wide at its mouth flowing east into George VI Sound lying between Keystone Cliffs and Triton Point. The coast in this vicinity was first seen from the air by Lincoln Ellsworth on November 23, 1935 and roughly mapped from photos obtained on that flight by W.L.G. Joerg. The glacier was first surveyed in 1949 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee for the planet Venus, the second planet of the Solar System.

Leda Ridge is a ridge running in a northeast–southwest direction lying on the west side of the Ganymede Heights, east of Jupiter Glacier, on the east side of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The ridge was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947 and was mapped from the photographs by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Leda, a satellite of the planet Jupiter, in association with nearby Jupiter Glacier.

References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates  public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document "Europa Cliffs" (content from the Geographic Names Information System ).

United States Geological Survey Scientific agency of the United States government

The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The USGS is a fact-finding research organization with no regulatory responsibility.

Geographic Names Information System geographical database

The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is a database that contains name and locative information about more than two million physical and cultural features located throughout the United States of America and its territories. It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names.