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ETA, an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, was an armed Basque nationalist and far-left separatist organization in the Basque Country between 1959 and 2018, with its goal being independence for the region. The group was founded in 1959 during the era of Francoist Spain, and later evolved from a pacifist group promoting traditional Basque culture to a violent paramilitary group. It engaged in a campaign of bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings throughout Spain and especially the Southern Basque Country against the regime, which was highly centralised and hostile to the expression of non-Castilian minority identities. ETA was the main group within the Basque National Liberation Movement and was the most important Basque participant in the Basque conflict.
Batasuna was a Basque nationalist political party. Based mainly in Spain, it was banned in 2003, after a court ruling declared proven that the party was financing ETA with public money.
Herri Batasuna was a far-left Basque nationalist coalition in Spain. It was founded in 1978 and defined itself as abertzale, left-wing, socialist, and supported the independence of the Greater Basque Country. It was refounded as Batasuna in 2001 and subsequently outlawed by the Spanish Supreme Court for being considered the political wing of the separatist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA).
Abertzale is a Basque term usually referring to people or political groups who are associated with Basque nationalism.
Communist Movement of Euskadi was originally the branch of the Communist Movement (MC) in Basque Country and Navarre, Spain. EMK was previously known as ETA Berri, a splinter group of ETA. EMK separated itself from MC in 1983. In 1991 EMK merged with LKI and formed Zutik in Basque Country. In Navarre EMK took part in forming Batzarre. Some of its most prominent leaders were Patxi Iturrioz, Eugenio del Río, Rosa Olivares Txertudi, Milagros Rubio, Jesús Urra Bidaurre and the brothers Javier and Ignacio Álvarez Dorronsoro.
The Basque National Liberation Movement was an umbrella term that comprised all social, political and armed organizations orbiting around the ideas of the illegal armed organisation Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), proscribed internationally as a terrorist organisation.
People's Socialist Revolutionary Party was a non-legal Basque political party, considered commonly to be the political branch of ETA. It always ran as part of the coalition of the Basque National Liberation Movement, Herri Batasuna, until its self-dissolution in the 1990s. The party's acronym "HASI" means "to begin" in Basque language.
Gotzone Mora is a Spanish social-democratic politician. She was a member of the Basque Socialist Party till March 2008 when she was expelled from it for advocating support for the People's Party. Since 2008 she has been a member of the People's Party .
José Luis Álvarez Enparantza, better known by his pseudonym Txillardegi, was a Basque linguist, politician, and writer. He was born and raised in the Basque Country, and although he did not learn the Basque language until the age of 17, he later came to be considered one of the most influential figures in Basque nationalism and culture in the second half of the 20th century. He was one of the founders of ETA, but in 1967 he left because he did not agree with its political line.
Internationalist Initiative–Solidarity among Peoples (II–SP) was an extreme left political coalition from Spain.
The Basque conflict, also known as the Spain–ETA conflict, was an armed and political conflict from 1959 to 2011 between Spain and the Basque National Liberation Movement, a group of social and political Basque organizations which sought independence from Spain and France. The movement was built around the separatist organization ETA, which had launched a campaign of attacks against Spanish administrations since 1959. ETA had been proscribed as a terrorist organization by the Spanish, British, French and American authorities at different moments. The conflict took place mostly on Spanish soil, although to a smaller degree it was also present in France, which was primarily used as a safe haven by ETA members. It was the longest running violent conflict in modern Western Europe. It has been sometimes referred to as "Europe's longest war".
Joxe Azurmendi Otaegi is a Basque writer, philosopher, essayist and poet. He has published numerous articles and books on ethics, politics, the philosophy of language, technique, Basque literature and philosophy in general.
Euskal Herriko Alderdi Sozialista was an illegal revolutionary socialist Basque political party, with presence in both Spanish Basque Country and the French Basque Country.
Herriko Alderdi Sozialista was a revolutionary socialist Basque political party, with presence only in the French Basque Country.
Eusko Sozialistak was a Basque socialist political party, with presence in the Spanish Basque Country. The leaders of ES were Javier Alonso and Mikel Salaberri.
Abertzale Sozialista Komiteak was a grassroots socialist and pro-self-management movement in the Basque Country. Its origins were the Herri Batzarak movement in Bizkaia.
Basque Socialist Party or Basque Socialist Assembly was a socialist Basque political party, with presence in the Southern Basque Country. The party was illegal until 1978.
Iñaki Ruiz de Pinedo Undiano is a Basque sociologist, politician and a member of the Congress of Deputies of Spain. He was previously a member of the Basque Parliament.
References
- Casanova, Iker and Asensio, Paul (2006). Argala. Tafalla (Navarre): Editorial Txalaparta. p. 376. ISBN 84-8136-142-9.
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