Exerkine

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An exerkine is a signaling molecule released in response to exercise that helps mediate systemic adaptations to exercise. [1]

Contents

Background

Exerkines come in many forms, including hormones, metabolites, proteins and nucleic acids; are synthesized and secreted from a broad variety of tissues and cell types; and exert their effects through endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways. [2] These effects are thought to underlie much of the health benefits of exercise in terms of enhanced resilience, healthspan and longevity. [1] [2]

The study of exerkines is the focus of the field of exercise endocrinology. [3] Though the existence of exerkines had been speculated about as early as the 1960s, [4] the identification of the first exerkine, IL-6, which is secreted from contracting muscles, didn't occur until 2000. [5] In 2012 a new exerkine, irisin, was discovered and found to be involved in the regulation of energy expenditure, [6] attracting significant scientific and public attention to the field. [7] [8] [9] [10] To date many thousands of potential exerkines have been identified, [11] [12] though only a limited number have been studied in any depth. Research is ongoing to understand how they function individually and in concert. [3]

Etymology

The word 'exerkine' was coined in 2016 by Mark Tarnopolsky and colleagues, based on a combination of the beginning of 'exercise' and the beginning of κίνησις (kínēsis, Ancient Greek for 'movement'). [1]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Safdar, A; Saleem, A; Tarnopolsky, MA (September 2016). "The potential of endurance exercise-derived exosomes to treat metabolic diseases". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 12 (9): 504–517. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.76. PMID   27230949. S2CID   19695296.
  2. 1 2 Chow, LS; Gerszten, RE; Taylor, JM; Pedersen, BK; van Praag, H; Trappe, S; Febbraio, MA; Galis, ZS; Gao, Y; Haus, JM; Lanza, IR; Lavie, CJ; Lee, CH; Lucia, A; Moro, C; Pandey, A; Robbins, JM; Stanford, KI; Thackray, AE; Villeda, S; Watt, MJ; Xia, A; Zierath, JR; Goodpaster, BH; Snyder, MP (May 2022). "Exerkines in health, resilience and disease". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 18 (5): 273–289. doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2. PMC   9554896 . PMID   35304603.
  3. 1 2 Hackney, AC; Elliott-Sale, KJ (September 2021). "Exercise Endocrinology: 'What Comes Next?'". Endocrines. 2 (3): 167–170. doi: 10.3390/endocrines2030017 . PMC   8294195 . PMID   34308413.
  4. ↑ Goldstein, MS (May 1961). "Humoral nature of the hypoglycemic factor of muscular work". Diabetes. 10 (3): 232–234. doi:10.2337/diab.10.3.232. PMID   13706674.
  5. ↑ Steensberg, A; van Hall, G; Osada, T; Sacchetti, M; Saltin, B; Klarlund Pedersen, B (15 November 2000). "Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6". The Journal of Physiology. 529 Pt 1 (Pt 1): 237–242. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x. PMC   2270169 . PMID   11080265.
  6. ↑ Boström, P; Wu, J; Jedrychowski, MP; Korde, A; Ye, L; Lo, JC; Rasbach, KA; Boström, EA; Choi, JH; Long, JZ; Kajimura, S; Zingaretti, MC; Vind, BF; Tu, H; Cinti, S; Højlund, K; Gygi, SP; Spiegelman, BM (11 January 2012). "A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis". Nature. 481 (7382): 463–468. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..463B. doi:10.1038/nature10777. PMC   3522098 . PMID   22237023.
  7. ↑ Reynolds, Gretchen (11 Jan 2012). "Exercise Hormone May Fight Obesity and Diabetes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  8. ↑ Reynolds, Gretchen (12 Oct 2016). "How Exercise May Turn White Fat Into Brown". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  9. ↑ Reynolds, Gretchen (16 Jan 2019). "How Exercise May Help Keep Our Memory Sharp". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  10. ↑ Reynolds, Gretchen (25 Aug 2021). "How Exercise May Help Keep Our Memory Sharp". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  11. ↑ Whitham, M; Parker, BL; Friedrichsen, M; Hingst, JR; Hjorth, M; Hughes, WE; Egan, CL; Cron, L; Watt, KI; Kuchel, RP; Jayasooriah, N; Estevez, E; Petzold, T; Suter, CM; Gregorevic, P; Kiens, B; Richter, EA; James, DE; Wojtaszewski, JFP; Febbraio, MA (9 January 2018). "Extracellular Vesicles Provide a Means for Tissue Crosstalk during Exercise". Cell Metabolism. 27 (1): 237–251.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.001 . PMID   29320704.
  12. ↑ Contrepois, K; Wu, S; Moneghetti, KJ; Hornburg, D; Ahadi, S; Tsai, MS; Metwally, AA; Wei, E; Lee-McMullen, B; Quijada, JV; Chen, S; Christle, JW; Ellenberger, M; Balliu, B; Taylor, S; Durrant, MG; Knowles, DA; Choudhry, H; Ashland, M; Bahmani, A; Enslen, B; Amsallem, M; Kobayashi, Y; Avina, M; Perelman, D; Schüssler-Fiorenza Rose, SM; Zhou, W; Ashley, EA; Montgomery, SB; Chaib, H; Haddad, F; Snyder, MP (28 May 2020). "Molecular Choreography of Acute Exercise". Cell. 181 (5): 1112–1130.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.043. PMC   7299174 . PMID   32470399.
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