Farshid Guilak | |
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Academic background | |
Education | BS, MS, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute M.Phil, 1990, PhD, mechanical engineering, 1992, Columbia University |
Thesis | Cell-matrix interactions and metabolic changes in articular cartilage under compression (1992) |
Academic work | |
Institutions | Washington University School of Medicine Shriners Hospitals for Children Duke University |
Farshid Guilak is an American engineer and orthopedic researcher. He is the Mildred B. Simon Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at Washington University in St. Louis and director of research at Shriners Hospitals for Children. He is also on the faculty of the departments of Biomedical Engineering,Mechanical Engineering &Materials Science,and Developmental Biology at Washington University.
He is considered one of the top-ranked scientists in the world,ranked #1 in the field of orthopaedics &traumatology, [1] #12 in the field of Biomedical Engineering, [2] and regularly listed as one of highly-cited scientists with h-index over 100. [3]
Guilak completed his Bachelor of Science and Master's degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and his PhD at Columbia University. [4]
Following his PhD,Guilak joined the faculty at Duke University as an assistant professor and shortly thereafter became the director of research for the Division of Orthopedic Surgery. [5] Shortly after joining the faculty,Guilak was honored with the Kappa Delta Award from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons for his study of cartilage cells and discovery of how they responded to stress on the joint. [6] In 2000,Guilak received the Y.C. Fung Young Investigator Award to investigate the effects of biomechanical forces on articular cartilage. [5] During his early tenure at Duke,Guilak was recognized by the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering for his "pioneering work in chondrocyte and mechanobiology,and functional tissue engineering of articular cartilage." [7] Following this,Guilak led a team of researchers in developing a three-dimensional fabric scaffold into which stem cells could be seeded and successfully develop into articular cartilage tissue. [8] Based on this research,Guilak found a way to create artificial replacement tissue with durable hydrogels that mimics both the strength and flexibility of native cartilage. [9] More recently,he and his collaborators showed proof-of-concept that 3D weaving could be used to create large,anatomically-shaped cartilage replacements in the shape of a human hip. [10] He also collaborated with Wolfgang Liedtke to develop a prototype of TRPV4 blockers. [11] Guilak later received the 2010 Borelli Award from the American Society of Biomechanics for his work in the biomechanics of health,degeneration,and repair of the synovial joint. [12]
While working as the Laszlo Ormandy Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Professor of Biomedical Engineering,Guilak was the recipient of the 2012 Dean's Award for his "intelligence,patience,and compassion." [13] In this role,Guilak's laboratory used mice to demonstrate the ability to produce an unlimited number of stem cells that could turn into cartilage. As a result of his research,he was named the inaugural winner of the Biomedical Engineering Society's Innovator Award for Cell and Molecular Bioengineering in 2014. [14] The following year,Guilak earned his second Kappa Delta award for his study of post-traumatic arthritis and the development of therapeutic approaches that target inflammation following injury. [6]
In 2016,Guilak left Duke to join the faculty at Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL) as co-director of the new Center of Regenerative Medicine and director of research at Shriners Hospitals for Children. In this role,he developed new methods for growing cartilage and bone from stem cells as path to treating arthritis. [15] At WUSTL,Guilak was also appointed to the rank of professor of orthopedic surgery in the School of Medicine. [16] During his first year teaching at the institution,Guilak continued to focus on the biomechanical factors that contribute to the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. As such,he received the 2016 Basic Science Research Award from the Osteoarthritis Research Society International. [17] Later,Guilak was recognized by the Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Society for his "significant contributions to the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine field." [18]
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic,Guilak's laboratory was forced to pause their experiments on the causes of arthritis and potential treatments. [19] Despite this,Guilak received his third Kappa Delta Award for his research in functional cartilage engineering for total joint resurfacing. [6] The Kappa Delta Award,often termed the "Nobel Prize of Orthopaedics",is considered the highest research award in the field of orthopedics. [20] Guilak is the only person to have received this award 3 times.
In February 2022,Guilak was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering "for contributions to regenerative medicine and mechanobiology and their application to the development of clinical therapies." [21] Guilak also received his 5th mentoring award,the 2022 Outstanding Achievement in Mentoring Award from the Orthopaedic Research Society. [22]
In October 2022,Guilak was also elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine "for contributions to the understanding of musculoskeletal diseases such as arthritis,and the development of new disease therapies through the creation of multiple novel fields of biomedical engineering,including functional tissue engineering,mechanogenetics,and synthetic chronogenetics." [23]
In December 2022,Guilak was elected a member of the National Academy of Inventors for his contributions to entrepreneurship and inventions on the development of new drug,cell,and gene therapies for arthritis. [24]
In 2008,Guilak's 3D weaving system was exhibited in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) as part of a display on "Design and the Elastic Mind", [25] an arts exhibit by Paola Antonelli,seeking to "highlight examples of successful translation of disruptive innovation,examples based on ongoing research,as well as reflections on the future responsibilities of design. Of particular interest will be the exploration of the relationship between design and science and the approach to scale."
Guilak is currently part of a scientific team working with artist Diemut Strebe on the project "Sugababe",a living replica of Vincent van Gogh's ear involving as main technologies tissue engineering,genetic engineering and cell reprogramming. [26]
Guilak is an accomplished racquetball player and has played on the professional circuit in the International Racquetball Tour (IRT) for several years,reaching the top 60 in the world in 2016. He was sponsored as a player and coach by Prince Sports-Ektelon racquet sports for decades. He served as the coach of the Duke University racquetball team from 2008-2016. [27] In 2023,he won the national doubles championship title (40+) at the National Masters Racquetball Association tournament. [28]
In cellular biology,mechanotransduction is any of various mechanisms by which cells convert mechanical stimulus into electrochemical activity. This form of sensory transduction is responsible for a number of senses and physiological processes in the body,including proprioception,touch,balance,and hearing. The basic mechanism of mechanotransduction involves converting mechanical signals into electrical or chemical signals.
A meniscus transplant or meniscal transplant is a transplant of the meniscus of the knee,which separates the thigh bone (femur) from the lower leg bone (tibia). The worn or damaged meniscus is removed and is replaced with a new one from a donor. The meniscus to be transplanted is taken from a cadaver,and,as such,is known as an allograft. Meniscal transplantation is technically difficult,as it must be sized accurately for each person,positioned properly and secured to the tibial plateau. Its success also depends on donor compatibility,stability of the transplant,and long-term health of the underlying articular cartilage.
Biomechanical engineering,also considered a subfield of mechanical engineering and biomedical engineering,combines principles of physics,biology,and engineering. Topics of interest in this field include biomechanics,computational mechanics,continuum mechanics,bioinstrumentation,design of implants and prostheses,etc. This is a highly multidisciplinary field,and engineers with such a background may enter related niche careers,e.g.,as an ergonomics consultant,rehabilitation engineer,biomechanics researcher,and biomedical device engineer.
Cato T. Laurencin FREng SLMH is an American engineer,physician,scientist,innovator and a University Professor of the University of Connecticut.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in multiple human adult tissues,including bone marrow,synovial tissues,and adipose tissues. Since they are derived from the mesoderm,they have been shown to differentiate into bone,cartilage,muscle,and adipose tissue. MSCs from embryonic sources have shown promise scientifically while creating significant controversy. As a result,many researchers have focused on adult stem cells,or stem cells isolated from adult humans that can be transplanted into damaged tissue.
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou is a Greek Cypriot-American bioengineer who has contributed significantly to both academic advancements as well as high-technology industries. He is currently a Distinguished Professor at the University of California,Irvine. He joined UCI from the University of California,Davis where he also served as the Chair of the Biomedical Engineering department. Before joining the University of California in 2009,he was the Karl F. Hasselmann Professor at Rice University. He has published hundreds of scientific articles detailing structure-function relationships and tissue engineering approaches for articular cartilage,the knee meniscus,and the temporomandibular joint.
Kevin Robert Stone is an American physician,orthopedic surgeon,clinician,researcher,and company founder of The Stone Clinic and the Stone Research Foundation in San Francisco.
Van C. Mow is a Chinese-born-American bioengineer,known as one of the earliest researchers in the field of biomechanics.
Gordana Vunjak-NovakovicFRSC is a Serbian American biomedical engineer and university professor. She is a University Professor at Columbia University,as well as the Mikati Foundation Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Sciences. She also heads the laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering at Columbia University. She is part of the faculty at the Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Human Development,both found at Columbia University. She is also an honorary professor at the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy at the University of Belgrade,an honorary professor at the University of Novi Sad,and an adjunct professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Tufts University.
Cartilage repair techniques are the current focus of large amounts of research. Many different strategies have been proposed as solutions for cartilage defects. Surgical techniques currently being studied include:
Ali Mobasheri is a Professor of Musculoskeletal Physiology at University of Surrey in England. He was educated at Dulwich College an independent school for boys in Dulwich,southeast London and is included on the List of Old Alleynians. He obtained his BSc from Imperial College London,his MSc from the University of Toronto and his DPhil from Wolfson College,Oxford at the University of Oxford. He has published more than 250 papers in leading scientific journals.
Gene therapy for osteoarthritis is the application of gene therapy to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Unlike pharmacological treatments which are administered locally or systemically as a series of interventions,gene therapy aims to establish sustained therapeutic effect after a single,local injection.
Lori Ann Setton is an American biomechanical engineer noted for her research on mechanics and mechanobiology of the intervertebral disc,articular cartilage mechanics,drug delivery,and pathomechanisms of osteoarthritis. She is currently the department chair as well as the Lucy and Stanley Lopata Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering at McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis.
Marjolein Christine Hermance van der Meulen is an American engineer who currently serves as James M. and Marsha McCormick Director of Biomedical Engineering and Swanson Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Cornell University and is a Senior Scientist in the Research Division of the Hospital for Special Surgery.
Cyril Wayne McIlwraith is the founding director of the Orthopaedic Research Center,a University Distinguished Professor in orthopaedics and holds the Barbara Cox Anthony University Chair in Orthopaedic Research at Colorado State University. He is a New Zealander who has had most of his career in the United States and is an equine orthopaedic surgeon and orthopaedic researcher. He pioneered many of the techniques in equine arthroscopic surgery including writing the textbook “Diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse”. He is noted for significant achievements in the fields of osteoarthritis cartilage injury,regenerative therapies and contributions on understanding of joint pathology and repair,the development and validation of equine models of joint diseases,surgical technologies,intra-articular therapies,cartilage resurfacing,tissue engineering and gene therapies for osteoarthritis many of which have been or are translatable to human joint disease. He received the Marshall R. Urist Award for Excellence in Tissue Regeneration Research from the Orthopaedic Research Society in 2014 for these contributions as well as raising many generations of basic and clinical researchers in the field of orthopaedics.
Nasal chondrocytes (NC) are present in the hyaline cartilage of the nasal septum and in fact are the only cell type within the tissue. Similar to chondrocytes present in articular cartilage,NC express extracellular matrix proteins such as glycosaminoglycans and collagen.
Martha Gray is a biomedical engineer and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,jointly appointed in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Health Sciences and Technology (HST). Gray became the first woman to lead a department of science or engineering at MIT when she became the co-director of the Harvard–MIT Program of Health Sciences and Technology in 1987. She has developed multidisciplinary programs at MIT. Her research focuses on understanding and preventing Osteoarthritis,and her team developed the imaging technology dGEMRIC,now used to examine cartilage.
Post-traumatic arthritis (PTAr) is a form of osteoarthritis following an injury to a joint.
Artificial cartilage is a synthetic material made of hydrogels or polymers that aims to mimic the functional properties of natural cartilage in the human body. Tissue engineering principles are used in order to create a non-degradable and biocompatible material that can replace cartilage. While creating a useful synthetic cartilage material,certain challenges need to be overcome. First,cartilage is an avascular structure in the body and therefore does not repair itself. This creates issues in regeneration of the tissue. Synthetic cartilage also needs to be stably attached to its underlying surface i.e. the bone. Lastly,in the case of creating synthetic cartilage to be used in joint spaces,high mechanical strength under compression needs to be an intrinsic property of the material.
Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad is the director of the Adult Stem Cell Lab and histology/embryology Professor at the Royan Institute where he held a multi-departmental professorship in bioengineering,tissue engineering,regenerative medicine,and stem cell therapy. Eslaminejad studies have been cited over 4000 times. He is best known for Hard Tissue Engineering and utilizing Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of orthopedic diseases.
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