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The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds,the precise number being quite uncertain,although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 up to possibly 363. The Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous language families and isolates,perhaps as many as 13,spoken by the Indigenous peoples of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands. The relationships between the language families are not clear at present although there are proposals to link some into larger groupings. Despite this uncertainty,the Indigenous Australian languages are collectively covered by the technical term "Australian languages",or the "Australian family".
The Wave Hill walk-off,also known as the Gurindji strike,was a walk-off and strike by 200 Gurindji stockmen,house servants and their families,starting on 23 August 1966 and lasting for seven years. It took place at Wave Hill,a cattle station in Kalkarindji,Northern Territory,Australia,and was led by Gurindji man Vincent Lingiari.
A mixed language,also referred to as a hybrid language,contact language,or fusion language,is a language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language. It differs from a creole or pidgin language in that,whereas creoles/pidgins arise where speakers of many languages acquire a common language,a mixed language typically arises in a population that is fluent in both of the source languages.
Australian Kriol also known as Roper River Kriol,Fitzroy Valley Kriol,Northern Australian Creole or Aboriginal English is an English-based creole language that developed from a pidgin used initially in the region of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales,Australia,in the early days of European colonisation. Later,it was spoken by groups further west and north. The pidgin died out in most parts of the country,except in the Northern Territory,where the contact between European settlers,the Chinese and other Asians,and the Aboriginal Australians in the northern regions has maintained a vibrant use of the language,which is spoken by about 30,000 people. Despite its similarities to English in vocabulary,it has a distinct syntactic structure and grammar. It is a language in its own right and is distinct from Torres Strait Creole.
The Gurindji are an Aboriginal Australian people of northern Australia,460 kilometres (290 mi) southwest of Katherine in the Northern Territory's Victoria River region.
Nicholas Evans is an Australian linguist and a leading expert on endangered languages. He was born in Los Angeles.
Gurindji Kriol is a mixed language which is spoken by Gurindji people in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory (Australia). It is mostly spoken at Kalkaringi and Daguragu which are Aboriginal communities located on the traditional lands of the Gurindji. Related mixed varieties are spoken to the north by Ngarinyman and Bilinarra people at Yarralin and Pigeon Hole. These varieties are similar to Gurindji Kriol,but draw on Ngarinyman and Bilinarra which are closely related to Gurindji.
Gurindji is a Pama–Nyungan language spoken by the Gurindji and Ngarinyman people in the Northern Territory,Australia. The language of the Gurindji is highly endangered,with about 592 speakers remaining and only 175 of those speakers fully understanding the language. There are in addition about 60 speakers of Ngarinyman dialect. Gurindji Kriol is a mixed language that derives from the Gurindji language.
Mudburra,also spelt Mudbura,Mudbarra and other variants,and also known as Pinkangama,is an Aboriginal language of Australia.
Port Jackson Pidgin English or New South Wales Pidgin English is an English-based pidgin that originated in the region of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales in the early days of colonisation. Stockmen carried it west and north as they expanded across Australia. It subsequently died out in most of the country,but was creolised in the Northern Territory at the Roper River Mission (Ngukurr),where missionaries provided a safe place for Indigenous Australians from the surrounding areas to escape deprivation at the hands of European settlers. As the Indigenous Australians who came to seek refuge at Roper River came from different language backgrounds,there grew a need for a shared communication system to develop,and it was this that created the conditions for Port Jackson Pidgin English to become fleshed out into a full language,Kriol,based on English language and the eight different Australian language groups spoken by those at the mission.
Bilingara,also known as the Bilinarra,is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Bilinarra people of the Northern Territory.
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The Ngarluma are an Indigenous Australian people of the western Pilbara area of northwest Australia. They are coastal dwellers of the area around Roebourne and Karratha,not including Millstream.
The Bilinarra,also spelt Bilingara and Bilinara,are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Northern Territory.
The Mudburra,also spelt Mudbara and other variants,are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Northern Territory.
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Elwyn Flint was an Australian linguist and academic,who undertook extensive surveys of English languages and dialects throughout Queensland,in particular Australian Aboriginal communities in the 1960s.
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References
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- 1 2 3 4 5 "Dr Felicity Meakins - UQ Researchers". researchers.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
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- ↑ Meakins, Felicity (2001). "Lashings of Tongue: A Relevance Theoretic Account of Impoliteness". Researchgate.net.
- ↑ "Aboriginal Child Language Acquisition Project (ACLA1) — School of Languages and Linguistics | Faculty of Arts". Faculty of Arts. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ↑ Meakins, Felicity (16 January 2008). "Case-marking in contact: the development and function of case morphology in Gurindji Kriol, an Australian mixed language" (PDF). University of Melbourne, University Library.
- ↑ "Chief Investigators – Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language". www.dynamicsoflanguage.edu.au. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ↑ McConvell, Patrick; Meakins, Felicity (1 April 2005). "Gurindji Kriol: A Mixed Language Emerges from Code-switching". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 25 (1): 9–30. doi:10.1080/07268600500110456. ISSN 0726-8602. S2CID 62281541.
- ↑ "Felicity Meakins - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.com.au. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ↑ Meakins, Felicity. "Some Australian Indigenous languages you should know". The Conversation. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ↑ Alouat, Jim (9 May 2012). "100 Aboriginal languages face extinction : newsbytes". newsbytes.com.au. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Dr Meakins said the 2008 Northern Territory Government's decision to effectively end bilingual education flew in the face of all the research which clearly demonstrated the benefits of bilingualism for cognitive development.
- ↑ Meakins, Felicity. "Friday essay: the untold story behind the 1966 Wave Hill Walk-Off". The Conversation. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ↑ "Felicity Meakins' article in The Conversation, 19 Aug 2016 – Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language". www.dynamicsoflanguage.edu.au. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ↑ "Felicity Meakins". The Conversation. 3 October 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ↑ Meakins, Felicity (6 November 2014). "Kiez-Australisch: Aborigines erfinden neue Sprachen". DIE WELT. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
- ↑ TEDx Talks (10 February 2014), The monolingual mindset: Felicity Meakins at TEDxSouthBankWomen , retrieved 19 July 2017
- ↑ "Truth beyond written records of the Wave Hill walk off". www.eurekastreet.com.au. 22 August 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
- ↑ "Yijarni: True Stories from Gurindji Country – a sad, marvellous historical canon - Fully (sic)". Fully (sic). 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
- ↑ James, Felicity (30 March 2016). "Indigenous elders keep traditional songs about life on Wave Hill station alive with new generation". ABC News. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
- ↑ "Future Fellowships". www.arc.gov.au. Australian Government, Australian Research Council. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ↑ "Academy Fellow: Associate Professor Felicity Meakins FASSA". Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ↑ "Fellow Profile: Felicity Meakins". Australian Academy of the Humanities. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ↑ "LSA honors and awards". Linguistic Society of America. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ↑ "Felicity Meakins | The University of Queensland (UQ) | ResearchGate". ResearchGate. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
