Related Research Articles
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland. Symptoms may include frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate, or loss of bladder control. Complications can include urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and chronic kidney problems.
Palliative care is an interdisciplinary medical caregiving approach aimed at optimizing quality of life and mitigating suffering among people with serious, complex, and often terminal illnesses. Within the published literature, many definitions of palliative care exist. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes palliative care as "an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual". In the past, palliative care was a disease specific approach, but today the WHO takes a broader patient-centered approach that suggests that the principles of palliative care should be applied as early as possible to any chronic and ultimately fatal illness. This shift was important because if a disease-oriented approach is followed, the needs and preferences of the patient are not fully met and aspects of care, such as pain, quality of life, and social support, as well as spiritual and emotional needs, fail to be addressed. Rather, a patient-centered model prioritizes relief of suffering and tailors care to increase the quality of life for terminally ill patients.
A bone tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in bone, traditionally classified as noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Cancerous bone tumors usually originate from a cancer in another part of the body such as from lung, breast, thyroid, kidney and prostate. There may be a lump, pain, or neurological signs from pressure. A bone tumor might present with a pathologic fracture. Other symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, anemia and nausea. Sometimes there are no symptoms and the tumour is found when investigating another problem.
Transurethral resection of the prostate is a urological operation. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As the name indicates, it is performed by visualising the prostate through the urethra and removing tissue by electrocautery or sharp dissection. It has been the standard treatment for BPH for many years, but recently alternative, minimally invasive techniques have become available. This procedure is done with spinal or general anaesthetic. A triple lumen catheter is inserted through the urethra to irrigate and drain the bladder after the surgical procedure is complete. The outcome is considered excellent for 80–90% of BPH patients. The procedure carries minimal risk for erectile dysfunction, moderate risk for bleeding, and a large risk for retrograde ejaculation.
Doxazosin, sold under the brand names Cardura among others, is a medication used to treat symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension. For high blood pressure, it is a less preferred option. It is taken by mouth.
Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of disease that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient's ordinarily expected lifetime and thus presents no practical threat regardless of being pathologic. Overdiagnosis is a side effect of screening for early forms of disease. Although screening saves lives in some cases, in others it may turn people into patients unnecessarily and may lead to treatments that do no good and perhaps do harm. Given the tremendous variability that is normal in biology, it is inherent that the more one screens, the more incidental findings will generally be found. For a large percentage of them, the most appropriate medical response is to recognize them as something that does not require intervention; but determining which action a particular finding warrants can be very difficult, whether because the differential diagnosis is uncertain or because the risk ratio is uncertain.
Prostatic congestion is a medical condition of the prostate gland that happens when the prostate becomes swollen by excess fluid and can be caused by prostatosis. The condition often results in a person with prostatic congestion feeling the urge to urinate frequently. Prostatic congestion has been associated with prostate disease, which can progress due to age. Oftentimes, the prostate will grow in size which can lead to further problems, such as prostatitis, enlarged prostate, or prostate cancer.
End-of-life care (EOLC) refers to health care provided in the time leading up to a person's death. End-of-life care can be provided in the hours, days, or months before a person dies and encompasses care and support for a person's mental and emotional needs, physical comfort, spiritual needs, and practical tasks.
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is "an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention that systematically reviews the evidence of effectiveness and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services". The task force, a volunteer panel of primary care clinicians with methodology experience including epidemiology, biostatistics, health services research, decision sciences, and health economics, is funded, staffed, and appointed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
John E. "Jack" Wennberg is the pioneer and leading researcher of unwarranted variation in the healthcare industry. In four decades of work, Wennberg has documented the geographic variation in the healthcare that patients receive in the United States. In 1988, he founded the Center for the Evaluative Clinical Sciences at Dartmouth Medical School to address that unwarranted variation in healthcare.
Unwarranted variation in health care service delivery refers to medical practice pattern variation that cannot be explained by illness, medical need, or the dictates of evidence-based medicine. It is one of the causes of low value care often ignored by health systems.
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) refer to a group of clinical symptoms involving the bladder, urinary sphincter, urethra and, in men, the prostate. The term is more commonly applied to men—over 40% of older men are affected—but lower urinary tract symptoms also affect women. The condition is also termed prostatism in men, but LUTS is preferred.
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), previously known as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, is long-term pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) without evidence of a bacterial infection. It affects about 2–6% of men. Together with IC/BPS, it makes up urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS).
Outcomes research is a branch of public health research which studies the end results of the structure and processes of the health care system on the health and well-being of patients and populations. According to one medical outcomes and guidelines source book - 1996, Outcomes research includes health services research that focuses on identifying variations in medical procedures and associated health outcomes. Though listed as a synonym for the National Library of Medicine MeSH term "Outcome Assessment ", outcomes research may refer to both health services research and healthcare outcomes assessment, which aims at Health technology assessment, decision making, and policy analysis through systematic evaluation of quality of care, access, and effectiveness.
Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is the direct comparison of existing health care interventions to determine which work best for which patients and which pose the greatest benefits and harms. The core question of comparative effectiveness research is which treatment works best, for whom, and under what circumstances. Engaging various stakeholders in this process, while difficult, makes research more applicable through providing information that improves patient decision making.
Shared decision-making in medicine (SDM) is a process in which both the patient and physician contribute to the medical decision-making process and agree on treatment decisions. Health care providers explain treatments and alternatives to patients and help them choose the treatment option that best aligns with their preferences as well as their unique cultural and personal beliefs.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) or ME/CFS, is a debilitating long-term medical condition. People with ME/CFS experience lengthy flare-ups of the illness following relatively minor physical or mental activity. This is known as post-exertional malaise (PEM) and is the hallmark symptom of the illness. Other core symptoms are a greatly reduced ability to do tasks that were previously routine, severe fatigue, and sleep disturbances. The baseline fatigue in ME/CFS does not improve much with rest. Orthostatic intolerance, memory and concentration problems, and chronic pain are common. About a quarter of people with ME/CFS are severely affected and unable to leave their bed or home.
The Skid Row Cancer Study was a study conducted by urologist Perry Hudson on the homeless men of the Bowery, in Lower Manhattan. In the 1950s and 1960s, Hudson went to skid row, to convince men to volunteer for his study. More than 1,200 men were promised a clean bed, three free square meals a day and free medical care if they were found to have prostate cancer. Hudson's early experience with seeing patients dying at a tuberculosis hospital he was working at led him to develop an interest in prostate cancer. His discovery about the lack of information regarding treatment for the disease and medical training for rectal exams needed to diagnose the disease drove him to pursue research in prostate cancer.
If medical treatment is not effective, surgery may need to be performed for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Prostate steam treatment (Rezum), also called water vapor thermal therapy (WVTT), is a minimally invasive surgical procedure for men with lower urinary tract symptoms resulting from prostate enlargement. It uses injections of steam to remove obstructive prostate tissue from the inside of the organ without injuring the prostatic part of the urinary tube.
References
- 1 2 "Floyd Fowler Jr., PhD".
- ↑ "Floyd J. Fowler - Google Scholar".
- ↑ Sepucha, K. R.; Fowler Jr, F. J.; Mulley Jr, A. G. (2004). "Informing And Involving Patients To Improve The Quality Of Medical Decisions". Health Affairs. Suppl Variation: VAR54-62. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.var.54. PMID 15471772.
- ↑ "Jack Fowler Inscription".
- 1 2 "Floyd "Jack" Fowler Jr, PhD". 10 February 2018.
- ↑ "A Summary of Studies of Interviewing Methodology" (PDF).
- ↑ "45 Years of Survey Research Excellence".
- ↑ Fowler, Floyd J.; Levin, Carrie A.; Sepucha, Karen R. (2011). "Informing And Involving Patients To Improve The Quality Of Medical Decisions". Health Affairs. 30 (4): 699–706. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0003 . PMID 21471491.
- ↑ "Floyd "Jack" Fowler Jr - An AAPOR Heritage Interview". YouTube .
- ↑ "Standardized Survey Interviewing". 2 March 2023.
- ↑ "Using behavioral coding to identify cognitive problems with survey questions".
- ↑ "Improving Survey Questions". 8 April 2023.
- ↑ Floyd j Fowler, Jr (2013-09-18). Survey Research Methods. ISBN 9781483323596.
- ↑ "Survey Methodology, 2nd Edition".
- ↑ "A Test of Consumer Contribution to Small Area Variations in Health Care Delivery".
- ↑ Fowler Jr, F. J.; Wennberg, J. E.; Timothy, R. P.; Barry, M. J.; Mulley Jr, A. G.; Hanley, D. (1988). "Symptom status and quality of life following prostatectomy". JAMA. 259 (20): 3018–22. doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03720200040030. PMID 2452905.
- ↑ "The American Urological Association Symptom Index for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia".
- ↑ Carlson, K. J.; Miller, B. A.; Fowler Jr, F. J. (1994). "The Maine Women's Health Study: I. Outcomes of hysterectomy". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 83 (4): 556–65. doi:10.1097/00006250-199404000-00012. PMID 8134066. S2CID 21226819.
- ↑ Carlson, K. J.; Miller, B. A.; Fowler Jr, F. J. (1994). "The Maine Women's Health Study: II. Outcomes of nonsurgical management of leiomyomas, abnormal bleeding, and chronic pelvic pain". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 83 (4): 566–72. doi:10.1097/00006250-199404000-00013. PMID 8134067. S2CID 19840227.
- ↑ Fowler, Floyd J.; Barry, Michael J.; Lu-Yao, Grace; Roman, Anthony; Wasson, John; Wennberg, John E. (December 1993). "Patient-re ported complications and follow-up treatment after radical prostatectomy: The national medicare experience: 1988–1990 (updated June 1993)". Urology. 42 (6): 622–628. doi: 10.1016/0090-4295(93)90524-E . PMID 8256394.
- ↑ "National Survey of Medical Decisions, 2006-2007 (ICPSR 25983)".
- ↑ Fowler, Floyd J.; Gerstein, Bethany S.; Barry, Michael J. (2013). "How Patient Centered Are Medical Decisions?". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (13): 1215–1221. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6172. PMID 23712194. S2CID 29991655.
- ↑ Fowler, Floyd J.; Gallagher, Patricia M.; Bynum, Julie P. W.; Barry, Michael J.; Lucas, F. Leslie; Skinner, Jonathan S. (2012). "Decision-Making Process Reported by Medicare Patients Who Had Coronary Artery Stenting or Surgery for Prostate Cancer". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 27 (8): 911–916. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2009-5. PMC 3403150 . PMID 22370767.
- ↑ Fowler, Floyd J. (1974). Citizen Attitudes Toward Local Government, Services, and Taxes. ISBN 0884104087.
- ↑ "Residential Neighborhood Crime Control Project: Hartford, Connecticut, 1973, 1975-1977, 1979 (ICPSR 7682)".
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