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Dentistry,also known as dental medicine and oral medicine,is the branch of medicine focused on the teeth,gums,and mouth. It consists of the study,diagnosis,prevention,management,and treatment of diseases,disorders,and conditions of the mouth,most commonly focused on dentition as well as the oral mucosa. Dentistry may also encompass other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temporomandibular joint. The practitioner is called a dentist.
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of the muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joints. The most important feature is pain,followed by restricted mandibular movement,and noises from the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) during jaw movement. Although TMD is not life-threatening,it can be detrimental to quality of life;this is because the symptoms can become chronic and difficult to manage.
A dentist,also known as a dental surgeon,is a health care professional who specializes in dentistry,the branch of medicine focused on the teeth,gums,and mouth. The dentist's supporting team aids in providing oral health services. The dental team includes dental assistants,dental hygienists,dental technicians,and sometimes dental therapists.
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a surgical specialty focusing on reconstructive surgery of the face,facial trauma surgery,the oral cavity (mouth),head and neck,and jaws,as well as facial cosmetic surgery/facial plastic surgery including cleft lip and cleft palate surgery.
Prosthodontics,also known as dental prosthetics or prosthetic dentistry,is the area of dentistry that focuses on dental prostheses. It is one of 12 dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association (ADA),Royal College of Surgeons of England,Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh,Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland,Royal College of Surgeons of Glasgow,Royal College of Dentists of Canada,and Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons. The ADA defines it as "the dental specialty pertaining to the diagnosis,treatment planning,rehabilitation and maintenance of the oral function,comfort,appearance and health of patients with clinical conditions associated with missing or deficient teeth or oral and maxillofacial tissues using biocompatible substitutes."
Orthognathic surgery,also known as corrective jaw surgery or simply jaw surgery,is surgery designed to correct conditions of the jaw and lower face related to structure,growth,airway issues including sleep apnea,TMJ disorders,malocclusion problems primarily arising from skeletal disharmonies,and other orthodontic dental bite problems that cannot be treated easily with braces,as well as the broad range of facial imbalances,disharmonies,asymmetries,and malproportions where correction may be considered to improve facial aesthetics and self-esteem.
Ectopia lentis is a displacement or malposition of the eye's crystalline lens from its normal location. A partial dislocation of a lens is termed lens subluxation or subluxated lens;a complete dislocation of a lens is termed lens luxation or luxated lens.
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia (IPH) is a benign lesion of the oral mucosa which is characterized by the growth of one or more nodular lesions,measuring about 2mm or less. The lesion almost exclusively involves the hard palate,and in rare instances,it also has been seen on the mandible. The lesion is mostly asymptomatic and color of the mucosa may vary from pink to red.
An oral medicine or stomatology doctor/dentist has received additional specialized training and experience in the diagnosis and management of oral mucosal abnormalities including oral cancer,salivary gland disorders,temporomandibular disorders and facial pain,taste and smell disorders;and recognition of the oral manifestations of systemic and infectious diseases. It lies at the interface between medicine and dentistry. An oral medicine doctor is trained to diagnose and manage patients with disorders of the orofacial region.
The mandibular fossa,also known as the glenoid fossa in some dental literature,is the depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to dentistry and oral health:
Oral and maxillofacial pathology refers to the diseases of the mouth,jaws and related structures such as salivary glands,temporomandibular joints,facial muscles and perioral skin. The mouth is an important organ with many different functions. It is also prone to a variety of medical and dental disorders.
In the United States and Canada,there are twelve recognized dental specialties in which some dentists choose to train and practice,in addition to or instead of general dentistry. In the United Kingdom and Australia,there are thirteen.
Nishtar Institute of Dentistry is a dental school and a tertiary care dental and Oral-Maxillofacial trauma/diseases treatment facility located in Multan,Punjab,Pakistan.
A panoramic radiograph is a panoramic scanning dental X-ray of the upper and lower jaw. It shows a two-dimensional view of a half-circle from ear to ear. Panoramic radiography is a form of focal plane tomography;thus,images of multiple planes are taken to make up the composite panoramic image,where the maxilla and mandible are in the focal trough and the structures that are superficial and deep to the trough are blurred.
Orofacial pain is a general term covering any pain which is felt in the mouth,jaws and the face. Orofacial pain is a common symptom,and there are many causes.
Kurt H. Thoma was an American Oral Surgeon known as the founder of the American Board of Oral Pathology. He was also the Editor-in-chief for the Oral Surgery,Oral Medicine,Oral Pathology,and Oral Radiology Journal for 22 years. To many Kurt was recognized as the Father of Oral and maxillofacial pathology and the defender of Oral and maxillofacial surgery and a great teacher of Oral medicine.
Oral health can be difficult for pet owners and veterinary teams to manage in cats,particularly for pets whose owners are not committed to regular tooth brushing and/or dental treats. Oral disease is common among cats,and may lead to other health issues such as bacterial infections of major organs including the heart,kidneys and liver. When pet owners are aware of the benefits of supporting good oral health in cats,this substantially improves positive outcomes. Dietary selection,along with at-home-dental-hygiene care,allows cat owners to influence the oral status of their pets.
Rüdiger Emshoff is a German oral and maxillofacial surgeon and associate professor at the Medical University of Innsbruck,where he is head of the Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorder Unit. Emshoff is known for his work in the field of chronic orofacial pain management with a focus on the development of non-invasive and minimally-invasive methods in the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
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- 1 2 Self-Assessment Colour Review of Veterinary Dentistry. Self-assessment color review. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4822-2546-4. OCLC 923009643.
- ↑ Verstraete, Frank J. Μ.; Kass, Philip H.; Terpak, Cheryl H. (June 1998). "Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in dogs". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 59 (6): 686–691. doi:10.2460/ajvr.1998.59.06.686. PMID 9622735.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Riggs, G. G.; Arzi, Boaz; Cissell, Derek D.; Hatcher, David C.; Kass, Philip H.; Zhen, Amy; Verstraete, Frank J. M. (May 3, 2016). "Clinical Application of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 1 - Normal Dentition". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 3: 93. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00093 . PMC 5065979 . PMID 27800485.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Kuntsi-Vaattovaara, Helena; Verstraete, Frank J. M.; Kass, Philip H. (1 March 2002). "Results of root canal treatment in dogs: 127 cases (1995–2000)". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 220 (6): 775–780. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.220.775. PMID 11924577.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Yanagisawa, N.; Wilson, R.E.; Kass, P.H.; Verstraete, F.J.M. (February 2019). "Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 167: 60–72. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.01.001. PMID 30898300.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Evenhuis, J.V.; Zisman, I.; Kass, P.H.; Verstraete, F.J.M. (January 2018). "Dental Pathology of the Grey Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 158: 39–50. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.11.002. PMID 29422314.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Winer, J.N.; Arzi, B.; Leale, D.M.; Kass, P.H.; Verstraete, F.J.M. (August 2016). "Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus)". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 155 (2–3): 231–241. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.07.004. PMID 27481648.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Zavodovskaya, R.; Vapniarsky, N.; Garcia, T.; Verstraete, F.J.M.; Hatcher, D.C.; Arzi, B. (February 2020). "Intra- and Extra-articular Features of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis in the Cat (Felis catus)". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 175: 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.12.006. PMC 7190268 . PMID 32138841.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Döring, S.; Arzi, B.; Winer, J.N.; Kass, P.H.; Verstraete, F.J.M. (April 2018). "Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Grey Wolf (Canis lupus)". Journal of Comparative Pathology. 160: 56–70. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.03.001. PMID 29729722.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Massie, Anna; Kapatkin, Amy; Fuller, Mark; Verstraete, Frank; Arzi, Boaz (2017). "Outcome of nonunion fractures in dogs treated with fixation, compression resistant matrix, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2". Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 30 (2): 153–159. doi:10.3415/VCOT-16-05-0082. PMID 28094415.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Arzi, Boaz; Verstraete, Frank J. M.; Garcia, Tanya C.; Lee, Monica; Kim, Se Eun; Stover, Susan M. (July 2019). "Kinematic analysis of mandibular motion before and after mandibulectomy and mandibular reconstruction in dogs". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 80 (7): 637–645. doi:10.2460/ajvr.80.7.637. PMID 31246128.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Nemec, Ana; Arzi, Boaz; Murphy, Brian; Kass, Philip H.; Verstraete, Frank J. M. (July 2012). "Prevalence and types of tooth resorption in dogs with oral tumors". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 73 (7): 1057–1066. doi:10.2460/ajvr.73.7.1057. PMID 22738058.[ non-primary source needed ]
- ↑ Peralta, Santiago; Campbell, Robert D.; Fiani, Nadine; Kan-Rohrer, Kimi H.; Verstraete, Frank J. M. (1 December 2018). "Outcomes of surgical repair of congenital palatal defects in dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 253 (11): 1445–1451. doi:10.2460/javma.253.11.1445. PMID 30451614.[ non-primary source needed ]