Veterinarian

Last updated

A veterinarian conducts a surgery on a domestic cat. Surgery performed on a domestic cat.jpg
A veterinarian conducts a surgery on a domestic cat.
Bovine hoof health management by a veterinarian Screenshot 20211203-074859 Instagram.jpg
Bovine hoof health management by a veterinarian

A veterinarian (vet) is a medical professional who practices veterinary medicine. They manage a wide range of health conditions and injuries in non-human animals. Along with this, veterinarians also play a role in animal reproduction, health management, conservation, husbandry and breeding and preventive medicine like nutrition, vaccination and parasitic control as well as biosecurity and zoonotic disease surveillance and prevention.

Contents

Description

Veterinarian performing an intradermal test for allergy in a dog (2006) Picture 468.jpg
Veterinarian performing an intradermal test for allergy in a dog (2006)

In many countries, the local nomenclature for a veterinarian is a regulated and protected term, meaning that members of the public without the prerequisite qualifications and/or license are not able to use the title. This title is selective in order to produce the most knowledgeable veterinarians that pass these qualifications. In many cases, the activities that may be undertaken by a veterinarian (such as treatment of illness or surgery in animals) are restricted only to those professionals who are registered as a veterinarian. For instance, in the United Kingdom, as in other jurisdictions, animal treatment may only be performed by registered veterinarians (with a few designated exceptions, such as paraveterinary workers), and it is illegal for any person who is not registered to call themselves a veterinarian, prescribe any drugs, or perform treatment.

Most veterinarians work in clinical settings, treating animals directly. These veterinarians may be involved in a general practice, treating animals of all types; they may be specialized in a specific group of animals such as companion animals, livestock, zoo animals or equines; or may specialize in a narrow medical discipline such as surgery, dermatology or internal medicine. As with other healthcare professionals, veterinarians face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. [1] Current debates within the profession include the ethics of certain procedures believed to be purely cosmetic or unnecessary for behavioral issues, such as declawing of cats, docking of tails, cropping of ears and debarking on dogs. [2]

Etymology and nomenclature

The word "veterinary" comes from the Latin veterinae meaning "working animals". "Veterinarian" was first used in print by Thomas Browne in 1646. [3] Although "vet" is commonly used as an abbreviation in all English-speaking countries, the occupation is formally referred to as a veterinary surgeon in the United Kingdom and Ireland and now as a veterinarian in most of the rest of the English-speaking world.

History

Ancient Indian text, eye operation on a horse Eye operation on a horse.jpg
Ancient Indian text, eye operation on a horse

Ancient Indian sage and veterinarian Shalihotra (mythological estimate c. 2350 BCE), the son of a sage, Hayagosha, is considered the founder of veterinary sciences. [4]

Claude Bourgelat established the earliest veterinary college in Lyon in 1761. Bourgelat.png
Claude Bourgelat established the earliest veterinary college in Lyon in 1761.

The first veterinary college was founded in Lyon, France, in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat. [5] According to Lupton, after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds, Bourgelat devoted his time to seeking out a remedy. This resulted in his founding a veterinary college in Lyon in 1761, from which establishment he dispatched students to combat the disease; in a short time, the plague was stayed and the health of stock restored, through the assistance rendered to agriculture by veterinary science and art. [6]

The Odiham Agricultural Society helped establish the veterinary profession in England. Odiham society minute book.jpg
The Odiham Agricultural Society helped establish the veterinary profession in England.

The Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry, [7] and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain. [8] A 1785 Society meeting resolved to "promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles."

The professionalization of the veterinary trade was finally achieved in 1790, through the campaigning of Granville Penn, who persuaded the Frenchman Charles Vial de Sainbel to accept the professorship of the newly established Veterinary College in London. [7] The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was established by royal charter in 1844.

Dr. Herman F. Sass, Veterinary Surgeon, Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1911 Dr. Herman F. Sass, Veterinary Surgeon, Toledo, Ohio - DPLA - de0411413a338b49442eff3402fe0163 (page 1).jpg
Dr. Herman F. Sass, Veterinary Surgeon, Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1911

Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with notable contributions from Sir John McFadyean, credited by many as having been the founder of modern Veterinary research. [9]

Roles and responsibilities

Veterinarians treat disease, disorder or injury in animals, which includes diagnosis, treatment and aftercare. The scope of practice, specialty and experience of the individual veterinarian will dictate exactly what interventions they perform, but most will perform surgery (of differing complexity).

Unlike in human medicine, veterinarians must rely primarily on clinical signs, as animals are unable to vocalize symptoms as a human would. In some cases, owners may be able to provide a medical history and the veterinarian can combine this information along with observations, and the results of pertinent diagnostic tests such as radiography, CT scans, MRI, blood tests, urinalysis and others.

Veterinarians must consider the appropriateness of euthanasia ("putting to sleep") if a condition is likely to leave the animal in pain or with a poor quality of life, or if treatment of a condition is likely to cause more harm to the patient than good, or if the patient is unlikely to survive any treatment regimen. Additionally, there are scenarios where euthanasia is considered due to the constraints of the client's finances.

As with human medicine, much veterinary work is concerned with prophylactic treatment, in order to prevent problems occurring in the future. Common interventions include vaccination against common animal illnesses, such as distemper or rabies, and dental prophylaxis to prevent or inhibit dental disease. This may also involve owner education so as to avoid future medical or behavioral issues.

Additionally, veterinarians can play important roles in public health and the prevention of zoonoses. [10]

Employment

Vet Practice in Victoria, Australia VET Moorabbin 2021 b.jpg
Vet Practice in Victoria, Australia

The majority of veterinarians are employed in private practice treating animals (75% of vets in the United States, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association). [11]

Small animal veterinarians typically work in veterinary clinics, veterinary hospitals, or both. Large animal veterinarians often spend more time travelling to see their patients at the primary facilities which house them, such as zoos or farms.

Other employers include charities treating animals, colleges of veterinary medicine, research laboratories, animal food companies, and pharmaceutical companies. In many countries, the government may also be a major employer of veterinarians, such as the United States Department of Agriculture or the Animal and Plant Health Agency in the United Kingdom. State and local governments also employ veterinarians. [12] [13]

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a greater demand for veterinary services. [14] Many people are home with extra time on their hands, and adoption agencies and animals shelters have seen a surge in pet purchases as a result. [14] The American Veterinary Medical Association has provided COVID-19 resources for veterinarians on prevention measures, animal testing, and wellbeing. [15]

Focus of practice

Veterinarians and their practices may be specialized in certain areas of veterinary medicine. Areas of focus include:

Veterinary specialties

Veterinary specialists are in the minority compared to general practice veterinarians, and tend to be based at points of referral, such as veterinary schools or larger animal hospitals. Unlike human medicine, veterinary specialties often combine both the surgical and medical aspects of a biological system.

Veterinary specialties are accredited in North America by the AVMA through the American Board of Veterinary Specialties, in Europe by the European Board of Veterinary Specialisation and in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Veterinary Boards Council. [19] [20] [21] While some veterinarians may have areas of interest outside of recognized specialties, they are not legally specialists.

Specialties can cover general topics such as anesthesiology, dentistry, and surgery, as well as organ system focus such as cardiology or dermatology. A full list can be seen at veterinary specialties.

Mobile practice

Many veterinarians, especially in large animal practice, offer house calls and farm calls through a mobile practice. The start-up and operating costs of a mobile practice are typically lower than those of a traditional brick and mortar hospital, which can cost millions of dollars or more for equipment and surgical supplies. Costs associated with mobile units can range from as low as $5,000 for a utility box in an SUV to around $250,000 for a fully equipped custom built chassis. [22] The potential advantages to the client are not having to transport the animal, lower stress for the animal, a lower risk of disease transmission from other animals, and convenience. A 2015 study published in the Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association proved that blood pressure readings, pulse rates and body temperature rates were increased by 11–16% when those readings were done in the clinic versus in the home. [23] However, mobile practices often lack the facilities and equipment to provide advanced care, surgery, or hospitalization. Some mobile practices maintain a relationship with a traditional hospital for referral of cases needing more comprehensive care.

Salary

The last AVMA Report on Veterinary Compensation, published in 2018, indicated private practice associate veterinarians who had board certification earned a mean of $187,000. A veterinarian's salary can easily exceed $300,000 depending on the specialty. The median starting salary for new veterinary graduates without specialization in 2018 was $103,800 in the United States according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, while the lowest paid earned less than $89,540 annually. [24] States and districts with the highest mean salary are California ($398,340), Michigan ($325,100), Illinois ($324,870), New York ($322,500), and Hawaii ($221,150). [25] Veterinarians who own their own clinics are typically paid a much higher salary. The average owner payout is $400,000 for every $1,000,000 of clinic income. In 2021 there were practices sold with $8–10,000,000 in yearly revenue with the owners drawing salaries of several million dollars. Over 90% of practice owners do not regret purchasing or starting their own practice, according to a 2020 survey of clinic owners.

Education and regulation

Veterinary students learning the dental treatment of a horse in August 2008 Vet Students Clinical Training 2006-08.jpg
Veterinary students learning the dental treatment of a horse in August 2008

In order to practice, vets must complete an appropriate degree in veterinary medicine, and in most cases must also be registered with the relevant governing body for their jurisdiction.

Veterinary science degrees

Degrees in veterinary medicine culminate in the award of a veterinary science degree, although the title varies by region. For instance, in North America, graduates will receive a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine or Veterinariae Medicinae Doctoris; DVM or VMD), whereas in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand or India they would be awarded a Bachelor of Veterinary Science, Surgery or Medicine (BVS, BVSc, BVetMed or BVMS), and in Ireland graduates receive a Medicinae Veterinariae Baccalaureus (MVB). In continental Europe, the degree of Doctor Medicinae Veterinariae (DMV, DrMedVet, Dr. med. vet., MVDr.) or Doctor Veterinariae Medicinae (DVM, DrVetMed, Dr. vet. med.) is granted. [26]

The award of a bachelor's degree was previously commonplace in the United States, but the degree name and academic standards were upgraded to match the 'doctor' title used by graduates.

Comparatively few universities have veterinary schools that offer degrees which are accredited to qualify the graduates as registered vets. For example, there are 30 in the United States, 5 in Canada, 1 in New Zealand, 7 in Australia (4 of which offer degrees accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)), and 8 in the United Kingdom (4 of which offer degrees accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)). [27]

Due to this scarcity of places for veterinary degrees, admission to veterinary school is competitive and requires extensive preparation. In the United States in 2007, approximately 5,750 applicants competed for the 2,650 seats in the 28 accredited veterinary schools, with an acceptance rate of 46%. [28]

With competitive admission, many schools may place heavy emphasis and consideration on a candidate's veterinary and animal experience. Formal experience is a particular advantage to the applicant, often consisting of work with veterinarians or scientists in clinics, agribusiness, research, or some area of health science. Less formal experience is also helpful for the applicant to have, and this includes working with animals on a farm or ranch or at a stable or animal shelter and basic overall animal exposure. [29]

In the United States, approximately 80% of admitted students are female. In the early history of veterinary medicine of the United States, most veterinarians were males. However, in the 1990s this ratio reached parity, and now it has been reversed.

Preveterinary courses should emphasize the sciences. Most veterinary schools typically require applicants to have taken one year equivalent classes in organic, inorganic chemistry, physics, general biology; and one semester of vertebrate embryology and biochemistry. Usually, the minimal mathematics requirement is college level calculus. Individual schools might require introduction to animal science, livestock judging, animal nutrition, cell biology, and genetics. However, due to the limited availability of these courses, many schools have removed these requirements to widen the pool of possible applicants.

Registration and licensing

Following academic education, most countries require a vet to be registered with the relevant governing body, and to maintain this license to practice.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, veterinarians must be licensed to practice in the United States. [30] Licensing entails passing an accredited program, a national exam, and a state exam. For instance, in the United States, a prospective vet must receive a passing grade on a national board examination, the North America Veterinary Licensing Exam. This exam must be completed over the course of eight hours, and consists of 360 multiple-choice questions, covering all aspects of veterinary medicine, as well as visual material designed to test diagnostic skills.

Postgraduate study

The percentage electing to undertake further study following registration in the United States has increased from 36.8% to 39.9% in 2008. About 25% of those or about 9% of graduates were accepted into traditional academic internships. Approximately 9% of veterinarians eventually board certify in one of 40 distinct specialties from 22 [31] specialty organizations recognized by the AVMA American Board of Veterinary Specialties (ABVS). [32] [33]

ABVS recognized veterinary specialties

Source: [34]

Anesthesiology and analgesiaAnimal welfareAvian practice
Bacteriology and mycologyBeef cattle practiceBehavior
Canine and feline medicineCardiologyDairy practice
DentistryDermatologyExotic animal medicine
Emergency and critical careEquine medicineEpidemiology
Laboratory animal medicineOrthopaedicsInternal medicine
PathologyPharmacologyPoultry medicine
Reproductive medicineRadiation oncologyRadiology
Shelter medicineSurgerySwine health management
ToxicologyVirologyZoological medicine

Curriculum comparison with human medicine

The first two-year curriculum in both veterinary and human medical schools are very similar in course names, but in certain subjects are relatively different in content. Considering the courses, the first two-year curriculum usually includes biochemistry, physiology, histology, anatomy, pharmacology, microbiology, epidemiology, pathology and hematology. [35]

Some veterinary schools use the same biochemistry, histology, and microbiology books as human medical students; however, the course content is greatly supplemented to include the varied animal diseases and species differences. In the past, many veterinarians were trained in pharmacology using the same text books used by physicians. As the specialty of veterinary pharmacology has developed, more schools are using pharmacology textbooks written specifically for veterinarians. Veterinary physiology, anatomy, and histology is complex, as physiology often varies among species. Microbiology and virology of animals share the same foundation as human microbiology, but with grossly different disease manifestation and presentations. Epidemiology is focused on herd health and prevention of herd borne diseases and foreign animal diseases. Pathology, like microbiology and histology, is very diverse and encompasses many species and organ systems. Most veterinary schools have courses in small animal and large animal nutrition, often taken as electives in the clinical years or as part of the core curriculum in the first two years.

The final two-year curriculum is similar to that of human medicine only in clinical emphasis. [35] A veterinary student must be well prepared to be a fully functional veterinarian on the day of graduation, competent in both surgery and medicine. The graduating veterinarian must be able to pass medical board examination and be prepared to enter clinical practice on the day of graduation, while most human medical doctors in the United States complete 3 to 5 years of post-doctoral residency before practicing medicine independently, usually in a very narrow and focused specialty. Many veterinarians do also complete a post-doctoral residency, but it is not nearly as common as it is in human medicine.

In the last years, curricula in both human and veterinary medicine have been adapted with the aim of incorporating competency-based teaching. [36] [37] Furthermore, the importance of institutionalized systematic teacher feedback has been recognized and tools such as clinical encounter cards are being implemented in clinical veterinary education. [38]

Impact on human medicine

Some veterinarians pursue post-graduate training and enter research careers and have contributed to advances in many human and veterinary medical fields, including pharmacology and epidemiology. Research veterinarians were the first to isolate oncoviruses, Salmonella species, Brucella species, and various other pathogenic agents. Veterinarians were in the forefront in the effort to suppress malaria and yellow fever in the United States. Veterinarians identified the botulism disease-causing agent, developed propofol; a widely used anesthetic induction drug, [39] produced an anticoagulant used to treat human heart disease, [40] and developed surgical techniques for humans, such as hip-joint replacement, limb and organ transplants.

Occupational hazards

Veterinarians work with a wide variety of animal species typically in hospitals, clinics, labs, farms, and zoos. [41] Veterinarians face many occupational hazards including zoonotic diseases, bites and scratches, hazardous drugs, needlestick injuries, ionizing radiation, and noise. [42] [43] [44] According to the U.S. Department of Labor, 12% of workers in the veterinary services profession reported a work-related injury or illness in 2016. [45]

Veterinary practices need a health and safety plan that addresses infection prevention and other hazards. [44] [46] Workplaces should utilize engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment to keep their employees safe. [46] [44] PPE such as gloves, safety goggles, lab coats, and hearing protection should be readily available with mandatory training on proper usage. Raising awareness is the most important step in promoting workplace health and safety. [45]

Biological and chemical hazards

Needlestick injuries are the most common accidents among veterinarians, but they are likely underreported. [45] [46] [47] Needlesticks can result in hazardous drug or bloodborne-pathogen exposures.

Unlike human medical professionals, veterinarians receive minimal training on safe handling of hazardous drugs in school. [48] Also, a large percentage of veterinarians are women of reproductive age and drug exposures put them at risk of infertility or other adverse health outcomes. [48] [49] Additionally, some antibiotics, steroids, and chemotherapy drugs are known to have negative effects on male fertility. [50] The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has issued guidance on the safe handling of hazardous drugs for veterinary workers. [51] Animal bites and scratches are another common injury in veterinary practice. [43]

The close interactions with animals put veterinarians at increased risk of contracting zoonoses. A systematic review of veterinary students found that between 17% and 64% had acquired a zoonotic disease during their studies. [42] The animal species, work setting, health and safety practices, and training can all affect the risk of injury and illness. [42]

Physical hazards

Noise can be a prominent exposure, in which case a hearing loss prevention program may be recommended. A NIOSH study on kennel noise found that noise levels often exceeded OSHA's permissible exposure limit. [52] Reducing noise is beneficial for animal and human health. [53] [54]

Psychosocial hazards

Veterinarians have high suicide rates in comparison to the general population. [55] A study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that male veterinarians are 2.1 times and female veterinarians are 3.5 times as likely as the general population to die by suicide. [55] Some reasons for this could be long hours, work overload, client expectations and complaints, poor remuneration, euthanasia procedures, and poor work-life balance. [55] A survey of more than 11,000 vets found 9% had serious psychological distress, 31% experienced depressive episodes, and 17% had suicidal ideation. [56] Online support groups, such as Not One More Vet, have been established to help veterinarians who may be experiencing suicidal thoughts. [57] NOMV educates veterinarians and vet techs about other ways to help themselves with mental health. [58] Another driver of stress can be student loan debt. A 2013 national survey found that average debt for veterinary medicine graduates was as high as $162,113. [59] Veterinarian lifelong earning potential is less than a physician, so it can take a lot longer to break even. [59]

Reality televisions shows featuring veterinarians include:

Fictional works featuring a veterinarian as the main protagonist include:

Veterinary malpractice

Most states in the US allow for malpractice lawsuit in case of death or injury to an animal from professional negligence. Usually the penalty is not greater than the value of the animal. Some states allow for punitive penalty, loss of companionship, and suffering, likely increasing the cost of veterinary malpractice insurance and the cost of veterinary care. Most veterinarians carry business, worker's compensation, and facility insurance to protect their clients and workers from injury inflicted by animals.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterinary medicine</span> Deals with the diseases of non-human animals

Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, management, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in non-human animals. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions that can affect different species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zookeeper</span> Person who manages zoo animals

A zookeeper, sometimes referred as animal keeper, is a person who manages zoo animals that are kept in captivity for conservation or to be displayed to the public. They are usually responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. As part of their routine, the zookeepers may clean the exhibits and report health problems. They may also be involved in scientific research or public education, such as conducting tours and answering questions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Veterinary Medical Association</span> Organization

The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) is an American not-for-profit association founded in 1863 that represents more than 105,000 veterinarians.

The Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine is the veterinary school of Virginia Tech and the University of Maryland, College Park - both of which are public research universities in the Commonwealth of Virginia and the State of Maryland, respectively. The college was created as a joint venture of the two universities and their respective state governments in order to fill the need for veterinary medicine education in both states. Students from both states are considered "in-state" students for admissions and tuition purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Onychectomy</span> Surgical removal of an animals claws

Onychectomy, popularly known as declawing, is an operation to remove an animal's claws surgically by means of the amputation of all or part of the distal phalanges, or end bones, of the animal's toes. Because the claw develops from germinal tissue within the third phalanx, amputation of the bone is necessary to fully remove the claw. The terms onychectomy and declawing imply mere claw removal, but a more appropriate description would be phalangectomy, excision of toe bone.

A veterinary specialist is a veterinarian who specializes in a clinical field of veterinary medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterinary education</span> Field of study

Veterinary education is the tertiary education of veterinarians. To become a veterinarian, one must first complete a degree in veterinary medicine Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccination of dogs</span>

Vaccination of dogs is the practice of animal vaccination applied to dogs. Programs in this field have contributed both to the health of dogs and to the public health. In countries where routine rabies vaccination of dogs is practiced, for example, rabies in humans is reduced to a very rare event.

A veterinary pharmacist is a specially trained pharmacist who dispenses veterinary drugs and supplies or products and advice to owners of companion animals and livestock. In addition, they advise the regulatory bodies and are involved in the formulation of veterinary drugs. Veterinary pharmacy is a field of pharmacy practice, in which veterinary pharmacists may compound medications, fill prescriptions, and manage drug therapies for animals. Veterinary pharmacists are licensed pharmacists who specialize in the distribution of medications for animals.

Alternative veterinary medicine is the use of alternative medicine in the treatment of animals. Types alternative therapies used for veterinary treatments may include, but are not limited to, acupuncture, herbal medicine, homeopathy, ethnomedicine and chiropractic. The term includes many treatments that do not have enough evidence to support them being a standard method within many veterinary practices.

Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), founded in 1982, is a university offering the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree. As of 2014, RUSVM began offering Master of Science and PhD degrees in public health, global animal health, conservation medicine, and other research areas supported by the school. The school is located in St. Kitts. Administrative offices are located in Downers Grove, IL. RUSVM is accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterinary chiropractic</span>

Veterinary chiropractic, also known as animal chiropractic, is chiropractic for animals – a type of spinal manipulation. Veterinary chiropractors typically treat horses, racing greyhounds, and pets. Veterinary chiropractic is a controversial method due to a lack of evidence as to the efficacy of chiropractic methods. Contrary to traditional medicine, chiropractic therapies are alternative medicine. There is some degree of risk associated with even skilled manipulation in animals as the potential for injury exists with any technique used. The founder of chiropractic, Daniel David Palmer, used the method on animals, partly to challenge claims that the placebo effect was responsible for favorable results in humans. Chiropractic treatment of large animals dates back to the early 1900s. As of 2019, many states in the US provide statutory or regulatory guidelines for the practice of chiropractic and related treatments on animals, generally requiring some form of veterinary involvement.

World Veterinary Year was celebrated in 2011, in recognition of the 250th anniversary of the founding of the world's first veterinary school in Lyon, France, in 1761. World Veterinary Year was officially launched on 24 January 2011 in Versailles, France. The slogan was "Vet for health, Vet for food, Vet for the planet!"

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One Health</span> Collaborative global initiative

One Health is an approach calling for "the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally, to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment", as defined by the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF). It developed in response to evidence of the spreading of zoonotic diseases between species and increasing awareness of "the interdependence of human and animal health and ecological change". In this viewpoint, public health is no longer seen in purely human terms. Due to a shared environment and highly conserved physiology, animals and humans not only suffer from the same zoonotic diseases but can also be treated by either structurally related or identical drugs. For this reason, special care must be taken to avoid unnecessary or over-treatment of zoonotic diseases, particularly in the context of drug resistance in infectious microbes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paraveterinary worker</span> Professional in veterinary medicine

A paraveterinary worker is a professional of veterinary medicine who performs procedures autonomously or semi-autonomously, as part of a veterinary assistance system. The job role varies throughout the world, and common titles include veterinary nurse, veterinary technician, and veterinary assistant, and variants with the prefix of "animal health".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American College of Veterinary Surgeons</span> Professional association

The American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) is the specialty board that defines the standards of surgical excellence for the field of veterinary medicine, promotes advancements in veterinary surgery, and provides the latest in veterinary surgical educational programs. The ACVS is responsible for overseeing the training, examination, and certification of board-certified veterinary surgeons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterinary medicine in the United States</span> Medical treatment of animals in the United States

Veterinary medicine in the United States is the performance of veterinary medicine in the United States, normally performed by licensed medical professionals, and subject to provisions of statute law which vary by state. Veterinary medicine is normally led by veterinary physicians, termed veterinarians or vets, but also by paraveterinary workers, such as veterinary technicians, and veterinary assistants. This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialties, such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, and species-relevant roles such as farriers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexandre Liautard</span> French veterinarian

Alexandre François Augustin Liautard was a French veterinarian. After graduating from the École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse in 1856, he emigrated to the United States in 1859 to exercise his profession of veterinary practitioner in New York until 1900, when he retired and returned to France. The name of Alexandre Liautard is associated with the beginning of private veterinary education in America. Liautard was the founder and dean of the New York American Veterinary College. He participated in organizing the American Veterinary profession and founded the United States Veterinary Medical Association, now the American Veterinary Medical Association, of which he was for many years a driving force. His name is still cited in the American veterinary press as a dominant figure in the history of the profession for having defined its professional standards and missions, and been a uniting force, and as founder of the American Veterinary Review, now the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA).

An occupational infectious disease is an infectious disease that is contracted at the workplace. Biological hazards (biohazards) include infectious microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and toxins produced by those organisms such as anthrax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jody Lulich</span>

Jody Lulich is an American veterinarian, author and academic. He serves as an Osborne/Hills Endowed Chair in Nephrology and Urology, Director of Minnesota Urolith Center and Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota (UMN).

References

  1. ↑ Rollin, Bernard E. (October 2009). "Ethics and euthanasia". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 50 (10): 1081–1086. ISSN   0008-5286. PMC   2748292 . PMID   20046609.
  2. ↑ "WSAVA Animal Welfare Guidelines" (PDF). World Small Animal Veterinary Association. 2018.
  3. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford University Press.
  4. ↑ "G.K. Singh and R.S. Chauhan, "History of Veterinary Anatomy," Indian Association of Veterinary Anatomists". o-f.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  5. ↑ Marc Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat: avocat des vétérinaires, Bruxelles 1971.
  6. ↑ J.L.Lupton, "Modern Practical Farriery", 1879, in the section: "The Diseases of Cattle Sheep and Pigs" pp. 1
  7. 1 2 Pugh, L.P (1962). From Farriery to Veterinary Medicine 1785–1795. Heffner, Cambridge (for RCVS). pp. 8–19.
  8. ↑ Cotchen, Ernest (1990). The Royal Veterinary College London, A Bicentenary History. Barracuda Books Ltd. pp. 11–13.
  9. ↑ "Exacting researcher brought profession into modern age". American Veterinary Medical Association. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017.
  10. ↑ Stöhr K, Meslin FX (1997). "The role of veterinary public health in the prevention of zoonoses". Arch. Virol. Suppl. 13: 207–18. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_20. ISBN   978-3-211-83014-7. PMID   9413540.
  11. ↑ "Market Research Statistics: U.S. Veterinarians 2017". www.avma.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  12. ↑ "Veterinarians : Occupational Outlook Handbook : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". Bls.gov. 26 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  13. ↑ "Veterinarians". goarmy.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  14. 1 2 Tan, Jean-Yin. "Puppies & burnout: The economic impact of the coronavirus on vets". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  15. ↑ "COVID-19". American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  16. ↑ "The Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians | AEMV". Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  17. ↑ "Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians | ARAV Membership". ARAV. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  18. ↑ "What is Food Supply Veterinary Medicine (FSVM)". American Veterinary Medical Association. 2019.
  19. ↑ "Veterinary specialties | American Veterinary Medical Association". AVMA. 13 June 2023.
  20. ↑ "About - EBVS - European Board of Veterinary Specialists". ebvs.eu. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  21. ↑ "About AVBC". AVBC. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  22. ↑ Tiffany, Lynn M. "Mobile Vets are Driven to Succeed". Veterinary Practice News. 9 Jun 2011. "Mobile Vets Are Driven to Succeed". 9 June 2011. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  23. ↑ Bragg, Ryan F., et al. "Evaluation of the effects of hospital visit stress on physiologic variables in dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 15 January 2015. Web. 26 November 2016
  24. ↑ Cima, Greg (26 September 2018). "Specialists in short supply". American Veterinary Medical Association.
  25. ↑ "Veterinarian Salary". U.S. News Best Jobs Rankings.
  26. ↑ "Veterinary Medical Degrees Granted Throughout the World" . Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  27. ↑ "Accredited Veterinary Colleges". AVMA. American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  28. ↑ "DUS: Advising Notes (Preparing for Admission to Veterinary Medicine Schools)". Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  29. ↑ "Christchurch Pet Vet | Christchurch Mobile Vet". Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  30. ↑ "Veterinarians : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  31. ↑ "American Board of Veterinary Specialties". AVMA. American Veterinary Medical Association. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  32. ↑ "Market research statistics". AVMA. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012.
  33. ↑ "Recognized Veterinary Specialty Organizations". AVMA. Archived from the original on 1 May 2006.
  34. ↑ "ABVS – Recognized Veterinary Specialty Organizations". AVMA.org. American Veterinary Medical Association. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  35. 1 2 "DVM Curriculum – College of Veterinary Medicine at Michigan State University". Cvm.msu.edu. 7 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  36. ↑ Burger, C.; Pirker, M.; Bergsmann, E.M.; Winter, P. (2015). "[Quality management in competence-oriented teaching: Theory and practice at the Vetmeduni Vienna] Qualitätsmanagement in der kompetenzorientierten Lehre: Theorie und Praxis an der Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien". In Vettori, Oliver; Salmhofer, Gudrun; Mitterauer, Lukas; Ledermüller, Karl (eds.). Eine Frage der Wirksamkeit? Qualitätsmanagement als Impulsgeber für Veränderungen an Hochschulen[A question of effectiveness? Quality management as innovation generator for changes at universities] (in German). Bielefeld, Germany: UniversitätsVerlagWebler. pp. 145–160. ISBN   978-3-946017-00-4.
  37. ↑ Bergsmann, Evelyn; Klug, Julia; Burger, Christoph; Först, Nora; Spiel, Christiane (2017). "The Competence Screening Questionnaire for Higher Education: Adaptable to the needs of a study programme". Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. 43 (4): 537–554. doi:10.1080/02602938.2017.1378617. S2CID   148700628.
  38. ↑ Buchner, H.H. Florian; Nawrocik, Daniel; Burger, Christoph (1 February 2018). "Student-Initiated Feedback Using Clinical Encounter Cards during Clinical Rotations in Veterinary Medicine: A Feasibility Study". Journal of Veterinary Medical Education . 45 (1): 76–84. doi: 10.3138/jvme.0316-073r . PMID   28657483.
  39. ↑ Sample, Ian (11 September 2018). "British vet wins top research award for breakthrough anaesthetic". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  40. ↑ Lim, Gregory (2017). "Warfarin: from rat poinson to clinical use". Nature Reviews Cardiology. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.172 . PMID   29238065 . Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  41. ↑ "Veterinarians : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  42. 1 2 3 Sánchez, Antonio; Prats-van der Ham, Miranda; Tatay-Dualde, Juan; Paterna, Ana; de la Fe, Christian; Gómez-Martín, Ángel; Corrales, Juan C.; Contreras, Antonio (4 January 2017). Cloeckaert, Axel (ed.). "Zoonoses in Veterinary Students: A Systematic Review of the Literature". PLOS ONE. 12 (1): e0169534. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1269534S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169534 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5215727 . PMID   28052113.
  43. 1 2 Epp, T., & Waldner, C. (2012). Occupational health hazards in veterinary medicine: zoonoses and other biological hazards. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 53(2), 144-150.
  44. 1 2 3 "Veterinary Safety & Health - Hazard Prevention and Infection Control | NIOSH | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  45. 1 2 3 McReynolds, Tony (15 August 2019). "US Department of Labor: Working in the veterinary field is more dangerous than working in law enforcement". American Animal Hospital Association. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  46. 1 2 3 Scheftel, Joni M.; Elchos, Brigid L.; Cherry, Bryan; DeBess, Emilio E.; Hopkins, Sharon G.; Levine, Jay F.; Williams, Carl J.; Bell, Michael R.; Dvorak, Glenda D.; Funk, Renee H.; Just, Steven D. (15 December 2010). "Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 237 (12): 1403–1422. doi: 10.2460/javma.237.12.1403 . ISSN   0003-1488. PMID   21155680.
  47. ↑ Fowler, Heather N.; Holzbauer, Stacy M.; Smith, Kirk E.; Scheftel, Joni M. (15 January 2016). "Survey of occupational hazards in Minnesota veterinary practices in 2012". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 248 (2): 207–218. doi:10.2460/javma.248.2.207. ISSN   0003-1488. PMC   5710733 . PMID   26720089.
  48. 1 2 "NIOSH to help improve drug safety in veterinary clinics". American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  49. ↑ Scheftel, Joni M.; Elchos, Brigid L.; Rubin, Carol S.; Decker, John A. (15 April 2017). "Review of hazards to female reproductive health in veterinary practice". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 250 (8): 862–872. doi:10.2460/javma.250.8.862. ISSN   0003-1488. PMC   5678953 . PMID   28358639.
  50. ↑ Cleveland Clinic (10 November 2022). "Drugs and Male Fertility".
  51. ↑ "Safe handling of hazardous drugs for veterinary healthcare workers" (PDF). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1 June 2010. doi: 10.26616/nioshpub2010150 .
  52. ↑ Achutan, Chandran (May 2007). "Noise Exposures and Hearing Loss Assessments among Animal Shelter Workers" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
  53. ↑ "Reducing Noise Helps Animal Health, Worker Safety". Veterinary Practice News. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  54. ↑ Schäffer, D.; Marquardt, V.; Marx, G.; von Borell, E. (2001). "[Noise in animal housing--a review with special reference to pig housing]". DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 108 (2): 60–66. ISSN   0341-6593. PMID   11367883.
  55. 1 2 3 Tomasi, Suzanne E.; Fechter-Leggett, Ethan D.; Edwards, Nicole T.; Reddish, Anna D.; Crosby, Alex E.; Nett, Randall J. (2019). "Suicide among veterinarians in the United States from 1979 through 2015". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 254 (1): 104–112. doi: 10.2460/javma.254.1.104 . ISSN   0003-1488. PMC   6417412 . PMID   30668293.
  56. ↑ Nett, Randall J.; Witte, Tracy K.; Holzbauer, Stacy M.; Elchos, Brigid L.; Campagnolo, Enzo R.; Musgrave, Karl J.; Carter, Kris K.; Kurkjian, Katie M.; Vanicek, Cole F.; O'Leary, Daniel R.; Pride, Kerry R. (15 October 2015). "Risk factors for suicide, attitudes toward mental illness, and practice-related stressors among US veterinarians". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 247 (8): 945–955. doi: 10.2460/javma.247.8.945 . ISSN   0003-1488. PMID   26421408.
  57. ↑ Haugland, Rebecca (21 September 2020). "How Not One More Vet (NOMV) is Supporting Veterinary Professionals | GVL". www.globalvetlink.com.
  58. ↑ Hoffmeyer, A. (2024, March 20). Creating a Mentally Healthy Relationship with Social Media. Not One More Vet. https://www.nomv.org/2024/03/20/mentally-healthy-relationship-with-social-media/
  59. 1 2 Funk, Julie (15 December 2016). "The high cost of pursuing a dream to be a veterinarian". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  60. ↑ "His Works". James Herriot.org. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.