Franklin Carroll Miller [1] (born 1950) is a foreign policy and nuclear defense policy expert. [2] Miller served 31 years in the U.S. government, including the Department of State, the Department of Defense and a Special Assistant to President George W. Bush. He is principal at the Washington-based international business advisory firm The Scowcroft Group. [3]
Miller attended Williams College and graduated (Phi Beta Kappa) in 1972 with highest honors in political science and honors in history. Following graduation from Williams, he joined the U.S. Navy and served three years on board USS Joseph Hewes (DE-1078) as communications officer and then as the ship's anti-submarine warfare officer. [4] He earned the surface warfare officer designator while on the Hewes. Following active duty, Miller attended Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, earning a Master of Public Affairs (MPA) degree in 1977. [4] During his time as a graduate student, Miller served in the naval reserve and was assigned to the Philadelphia-based destroyer USS Johnston (DD-821).
Immediately following graduation from the Woodrow Wilson School, Miller joined the U.S. Department of State as a political-military affairs officer, a post he held until the summer of 1979. He then joined the Theater Nuclear Policy Office in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), a post he held for two years. In late 1981 he was promoted to head OSD's Strategic Forces Policy office. He held this post for eight years, during which he had unusual influence on the evolution of US deterrence policy and on US nuclear targeting policy. During this period he also forged new and important relationships between the Department of Defense and the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. [5]
Miller has been called "the father and the architect of the U.S.- U.K. dialogue on nuclear weapons policy." In 1985, under Miller's leadership as Director of nuclear targeting for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Miller constructed the open and close collaboration between the British and American military on nuclear defense and oversaw its expansion and evolution for two decades. [6]
He played a significant role in the 1998 and 2004 extensions of the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement. [6]
Miller was promoted to the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the fall of 1989. In addition to continuing his pioneering work in nuclear deterrence and targeting policy and in US-UK interaction, Mr. Miller played a significant role in the completion of the START 1 treaty, in the 1991 Presidential Nuclear Initiatives, and in the creation of the START 2 treaty.
In 1993 Miller was promoted to be the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security Policy). In September 1996 he became the Acting Assistant Secretary (ISP), a post he held for fourteen months. In November 1997, he became the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Strategy and Threat Reduction, a newly created organization. He became Acting Assistant Secretary for Strategy and Threat Reduction in October 2000 and held that post until January 20, 2001. During the period September 1996 through January 2001 Miller served concurrently as chairman of NATO's nuclear policy committee, the "High Level Group" (HLG).
In late January 2001 Miller joined the White House staff as a special assistant to President George W. Bush and as the senior director for defense policy and arms control on the National Security Council (NSC) staff. He retired from the U.S. Government in March 2005 with an accumulated 31 years of federal service. Dan Plesch of the Royal United Services Institute called Miller a "high priest of nuclear theology," for his backing of a traditional deterrence policy the number of warheads the UK and US maintain should be calculated according to the number of potential targets. [7]
Miller has argued that the President has almost single authority to initiate a nuclear attack since the Secretary of Defense is required to verify the order, but cannot legally veto it. [2]
Miller's first post-government employment was as a vice president with The Cohen Group, a Washington-based international business consulting firm. In March 2008 he became a senior counselor at Cohen Group and also began practicing on his own. In August 2010 he left Cohen Group to become a principal at the Scowcroft Group. He also holds positions as a non-resident senior advisor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and as a Director of the Atlantic Council of the United States. He serves as the chairman of the board of directors of the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory and is also on the board of EADS North America. Miller also serves pro bono on a number of U.S. Government advisory boards.
Germany Opens Pandora's Box, by Miller, George Robertson, and Kori Schake, (2010, Centre for European Reform), was written in opposition to a German proposal that the US withdraw all nuclear weapons from Germany. [8] [9] Wolfgang Ischinger and Ulrich Weisser supported the removal, arguing that it would be "a grave mistake" for NATO members "to cling to the Cold War perception of Russia as a potential aggressor." [10]
Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy which posits that a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by an attacker on a nuclear-armed defender with second-strike capabilities would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender. It is based on the theory of rational deterrence, which holds that the threat of using strong weapons against the enemy prevents the enemy's use of those same weapons. The strategy is a form of Nash equilibrium in which, once armed, neither side has any incentive to initiate a conflict or to disarm.
Wolfgang Friedrich Ischinger is a German diplomat who served as chairman of the Munich Security Conference from 2008 to 2022.
Brent Scowcroft was a United States Air Force officer who was a two-time United States National Security Advisor, first under U.S. President Gerald Ford and then under George H. W. Bush. He served as Military Assistant to President Richard Nixon and as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in the Nixon and Ford administrations. He served as Chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, and advised President Barack Obama on choosing his national security team.
James Rodney Schlesinger was an American economist and public servant who was best known for serving as Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Prior to becoming Secretary of Defense, he served as Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1971 to 1973, and as CIA Director for a few months in 1973. He became America's first Secretary of Energy under Jimmy Carter in 1977, serving until 1979.
Stephen John Hadley is an American attorney and senior government official who served as the 20th United States National Security Advisor from 2005 to 2009. He served under President George W. Bush during the second term of his administration. Hadley was Deputy National Security Advisor during Bush's first term. Before that Hadley served in a variety of capacities in the defense and national security fields. He has also worked as a lawyer and consultant in private practice.
The Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) is a process “to determine what the role of nuclear weapons in U.S. security strategy should be.”
Flexible response was a defense strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to address the Kennedy administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and its policy of massive retaliation. Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of war, not limited only to nuclear arms.
Robert G. Joseph is a senior scholar at the National Institute for Public Policy and professor at Missouri State University. He was the United States Special Envoy for Nuclear Nonproliferation, with ambassadorial rank. Prior to this post, Joseph was the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, a position he held until January 24, 2007. Joseph is known for being instrumental in creating the Proliferation Security Initiative and as the architect of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. He was also the US chief negotiator to Libya in 2003 who convinced the Libyans to give up their WMD programs. He also recently authored a book describing his experience in negotiating with Libya entitled "Countering WMD."
The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) is a headquarters-level staff of the United States Department of Defense. It is the principal civilian staff element of the U.S. Secretary of Defense, and it assists the Secretary in carrying out authority, direction and control of the Department of Defense in the exercise of policy development, planning, resource management, fiscal, and program evaluation responsibilities. OSD is the Secretary of Defense's support staff for managing the Department of Defense, and it corresponds to what the Executive Office of the President of the U.S. is to the U.S. president for managing the whole of the Executive branch of the federal government.
Gregory L. Schulte was the U.S. ambassador to the International Atomic Energy Agency from July 2005 through June 2009. Schulte served as the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations Office at Vienna, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and other international organizations in Vienna. Assuming his post on July 13, 2005, Schulte was charged with advancing the President's agenda in countering proliferation, terrorism, organized crime, and corruption, while promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
Andrew Jackson Goodpaster was an American Army General. He served as NATO's Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), from July 1, 1969, and Commander in Chief of the United States European Command (CINCEUR) from May 5, 1969, until his retirement December 17, 1974. As such, he was the commander of all NATO (SACEUR) and United States (CINCEUR) military forces stationed in Europe and the surrounding regions.
The United States under secretary of defense for policy (USDP) is a high level civilian official in the United States Department of Defense. The under secretary of defense for policy is the principal staff assistant and adviser to both the secretary of defense and the deputy secretary of defense for all matters concerning the formation of national security and defense policy.
The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks & Information Integration (ASD(NII)) was an appointed position that provided management and oversight of all DoD information technology, including national security systems. The ASD(NII) also served as the chief information officer (CIO) of the United States Department of Defense (DoD), a position distinct from the ASD and governed by the Clinger-Cohen Act.
The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, or USD(A&S), is the Principal Staff Assistant (PSA) and advisor to the Secretary of Defense for all matters relating to acquisition and sustainment in the Department of Defense. This includes the DoD Acquisition System; system design and development; production; logistics and distribution; installation maintenance, management, and resilience; military construction; procurement of goods and services; material readiness; maintenance; environment and energy resilience ; utilities; business management modernization; International Armaments Cooperation, Cooperative Acquisition and International Agreements, Promoting exportability of military components to allies and partners; nuclear, chemical and biological defense programs; and nuclear command, control, and communications.
Frank Graham Klotz served as Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security and Administrator for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy. He was confirmed for the position on April 8, 2014, and retired on January 20, 2018.
William C. Martel was a scholar who specialized in studying the leadership and policymaking processes in organizations, strategic planning, cyberwarfare and militarisation of space, and technology innovation. He taught at the U.S. Air War College and U.S. Naval War College, and performed research for DARPA and the RAND Corporation. He later become Associate Professor of International Security Studies at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, a position he held until his death in 2015.
Ian Joseph Brzezinski is an American foreign policy and military affairs expert.
The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical & Biological Defense Programs, or ASD(NCB), is the principal adviser to the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment on policy and plans for nuclear, chemical, and biological defense programs.
In the United States, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs or ASD (ISA) is the principal advisor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (USD (P)) and the United States Secretary of Defense on international security strategy and policy on issues of Department of Defense (DoD) interest related to the governments and defense establishments of the nations and international organizations of Europe (including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), the Middle East, Africa, and the Western Hemisphere. The ASD (ISA) also oversees security cooperation programs and foreign military sales programs in these regions. Despite the broad title of the office, the ASD (ISA) does not develop policy related to Asia, the Pacific region, Latin America, or South America.
The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs, or ASD(GSA), is a position in the Office of the Secretary of Defense that develops policy for the Secretary on countering weapons of mass destruction, nuclear forces and missile defense, cyber security and space issues. ASD(GSA) is currently tasked with three major congressionally mandated reviews: the Nuclear Posture Review, the Ballistic Missile Defense Review, and the Space Posture Review. In addition, GSA is the Defense Department's lead in developing the DoD's cybersecurity strategy, and for crafting the policy for the standup of the new Cyber Command. ASD(GSA) answers to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. Although ASD(GSA) is a recently configured office, its functional responsibilities can be traced back in part to a position eliminated in early 2008, the 'Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy'
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