Friis formulas for noise

Not to be confused with Friis transmission equation.

Friis formula or Friis's formula (sometimes Friis' formula), named after Danish-American electrical engineer Harald T. Friis, is either of two formulas used in telecommunications engineering to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio of a multistage amplifier. One relates to noise factor while the other relates to noise temperature.

The Friis formula for noise factor

Friis's formula is used to calculate the total noise factor of a cascade of stages, each with its own noise factor and power gain (assuming that the impedances are matched at each stage). The total noise factor can then be used to calculate the total noise figure. The total noise factor is given as

${\displaystyle F_{\text{total}}=F_{1}+{\frac {F_{2}-1}{G_{1}}}+{\frac {F_{3}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}}}+{\frac {F_{4}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}}+\cdots +{\frac {F_{n}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}\cdots G_{n-1}}}}$

where ${\displaystyle F_{i}}$ and ${\displaystyle G_{i}}$ are the noise factor and available power gain, respectively, of the i-th stage, and n is the number of stages. Both magnitudes are expressed as ratios, not in decibels.

Consequences

An important consequence of this formula is that the overall noise figure of a radio receiver is primarily established by the noise figure of its first amplifying stage. Subsequent stages have a diminishing effect on signal-to-noise ratio. For this reason, the first stage amplifier in a receiver is often called the low-noise amplifier (LNA). The overall receiver noise "factor" is then

${\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {receiver} }=F_{\mathrm {LNA} }+{\frac {F_{\mathrm {rest} }-1}{G_{\mathrm {LNA} }}}}$

where ${\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {rest} }}$ is the overall noise factor of the subsequent stages. According to the equation, the overall noise factor, ${\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {receiver} }}$, is dominated by the noise factor of the LNA, ${\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {LNA} }}$, if the gain is sufficiently high. The resultant Noise Figure expressed in dB is:

${\displaystyle \mathrm {NF} _{\mathrm {receiver} }=10\log(F_{\mathrm {receiver} })}$

Derivation

For a derivation of Friis' formula for the case of three cascaded amplifiers (${\displaystyle n=3}$) consider the image below.

A source outputs a signal of power ${\displaystyle S_{i}}$ and noise of power ${\displaystyle N_{i}}$. Therefore the SNR at the input of the receiver chain is ${\displaystyle {\text{SNR}}_{i}=S_{i}/N_{i}}$. The signal of power ${\displaystyle S_{i}}$ gets amplified by all three amplifiers. Thus the signal power at the output of the third amplifier is ${\displaystyle S_{o}=S_{i}\cdot G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}$. The noise power at the output of the amplifier chain consists of four parts:

• The amplified noise of the source (${\displaystyle N_{i}\cdot G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}$)
• The output referred noise of the first amplifier ${\displaystyle N_{a1}}$ amplified by the second and third amplifier (${\displaystyle N_{a1}\cdot G_{2}G_{3}}$)
• The output referred noise of the second amplifier ${\displaystyle N_{a2}}$ amplified by the third amplifier (${\displaystyle N_{a2}\cdot G_{3}}$)
• The output referred noise of the third amplifier ${\displaystyle N_{a3}}$

Therefore the total noise power at the output of the amplifier chain equals

${\displaystyle N_{o}=N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a2}G_{3}+N_{a3}}$

and the SNR at the output of the amplifier chain equals

${\displaystyle {\text{SNR}}_{o}={\frac {S_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a2}G_{3}+N_{a3}}}}$.

The total noise factor may now be calculated as quotient of the input and output SNR:

${\displaystyle F_{\text{total}}={\frac {{\text{SNR}}_{i}}{{\text{SNR}}_{o}}}={\frac {\frac {S_{i}}{N_{i}}}{\frac {S_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a2}G_{3}+N_{a3}}}}=1+{\frac {N_{a1}}{N_{i}G_{1}}}+{\frac {N_{a2}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}}}+{\frac {N_{a3}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}}}$

Using the definitions of the noise factors of the amplifiers we get the final result:

${\displaystyle F_{\text{total}}=\underbrace {1+{\frac {N_{a1}}{N_{i}G_{1}}}} _{=F_{1}}+\underbrace {\frac {N_{a2}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}}} _{={\frac {F_{2}-1}{G_{1}}}}+\underbrace {\frac {N_{a3}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}} _{={\frac {F_{3}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}}}}=F_{1}+{\frac {F_{2}-1}{G_{1}}}+{\frac {F_{3}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}}}}$.

General derivation for a cascade of ${\displaystyle n}$ amplifiers:

The total noise figure is given as the relation of the signal-to-noise ratio at the cascade input ${\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR_{i}} ={\frac {S_{\mathrm {i} }}{N_{\mathrm {i} }}}}$ to the signal-to-noise ratio at the cascade output ${\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR_{o}} ={\frac {S_{\mathrm {o} }}{N_{\mathrm {o} }}}}$ as

${\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {total} }={\frac {\mathrm {SNR_{i}} }{\mathrm {SNR_{o}} }}={\frac {S_{\mathrm {i} }}{S_{\mathrm {o} }}}{\frac {N_{\mathrm {o} }}{N_{\mathrm {i} }}}}$.

The total input power of the ${\displaystyle k}$-th amplifier in the cascade (noise and signal) is ${\displaystyle S_{k-1}+N_{k-1}}$. It is amplified according to the amplifier's power gain ${\displaystyle G_{k}}$. Additionally, the amplifier adds noise with power ${\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {a} ,k}}$. Thus the output power of the ${\displaystyle k}$-th amplifier is ${\displaystyle G_{k}\left(S_{k-1}+N_{k-1}\right)+N_{\mathrm {a} ,k}}$. For the entire cascade, one obtains the total output power

${\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {o} }+N_{\mathrm {o} }=\left(\left(\left(\left(S_{\mathrm {i} }+N_{\mathrm {i} }\right)G_{1}+N_{\mathrm {a} ,1}\right)G_{2}+N_{\mathrm {a} ,2}\right)G_{3}+N_{\mathrm {a} ,3}\right)G_{4}+\dots }$

The output signal power thus rewrites as

${\displaystyle S_{\mathrm {o} }=S_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{k=1}^{n}G_{k}}$

whereas the output noise power can be written as

${\displaystyle N_{\mathrm {o} }=N_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{k=1}^{n}G_{k}+\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}N_{\mathrm {a} ,k}\prod _{l=k+1}^{n}{G_{l}}+N_{\mathrm {a} ,n}}$

Substituting these results into the total noise figure leads to

${\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {total} }={\frac {N_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{k=1}^{n}G_{k}+\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}N_{\mathrm {a} ,k}\prod _{l=k+1}^{n}{G_{l}}+N_{\mathrm {a} ,n}}{N_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{k=1}^{n}G_{k}}}=1+\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}{\frac {N_{\mathrm {a} ,k}\prod _{l=k+1}^{n}{G_{l}}}{N_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{m=1}^{n}G_{m}}}+{\frac {N_{\mathrm {a} ,n}}{N_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{k=1}^{n}G_{k}}}=1+\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}{\frac {N_{\mathrm {a} ,k}}{N_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{m=1}^{k}G_{m}}}+{\frac {N_{\mathrm {a} ,n}}{N_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{k=1}^{n}G_{k}}}}$

${\displaystyle =1+{\frac {N_{\mathrm {a} ,1}}{N_{\mathrm {i} }G_{1}}}+\sum _{k=2}^{n-1}{\frac {N_{\mathrm {a} ,k}}{N_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{m=1}^{k}G_{m}}}+{\frac {N_{\mathrm {a} ,n}}{N_{\mathrm {i} }\prod _{k=1}^{n}G_{k}}}}$

Now, using ${\displaystyle F_{k}=1+{\frac {N_{\mathrm {a} ,k}}{N_{\mathrm {i} }G_{k}}}}$ as the noise figure of the individual ${\displaystyle k}$-th amplifier, one obtains

${\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {total} }=F_{1}+\sum _{k=2}^{n}{\frac {F_{k}-1}{\prod _{l=1}^{k-1}G_{l}}}}$

${\displaystyle =F_{1}+{\frac {F_{2}-1}{G_{1}}}+{\frac {F_{3}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}}}+{\frac {F_{4}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}}+\dots +{\frac {F_{n}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}\dots G_{n-1}}}}$

The Friis formula for noise temperature

Friis's formula can be equivalently expressed in terms of noise temperature:

${\displaystyle T_{\text{eq}}=T_{1}+{\frac {T_{2}}{G_{1}}}+{\frac {T_{3}}{G_{1}G_{2}}}+\cdots }$

Published references

• J.D. Kraus, Radio Astronomy, McGraw-Hill, 1966.

Online references

• RF Cafe Cascaded noise figure.
• Microwave Encyclopedia Archived 2013-05-17 at the Wayback Machine Cascade analysis.
• Friis biography at IEEE