Gaza electricity crisis

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The Gaza electricity crisis is an ongoing and growing electricity crisis faced by nearly two million residents of the Gaza Strip, with regular power supply being provided only for a few hours a day on a rolling blackout schedule. Some Gazans and government institutions use private electric generators, solar panels and uninterruptible power supply units to produce power when regular power is not available. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Contents

The crisis is predominantly the result of tensions between Hamas, which has ruled Gaza since June 2007, and the Palestinian Authority (PA) and Fatah, which rules in the West Bank, over custom tax revenue, funding of Gaza, and political authority. The Hamas government in Gaza has been reliant on the PA to help provide electricity in Gaza, with import duties on Gaza's fuel purchased via Israel being collected by Israel, as per Protocol on Economic Relations, which are passed to the PA, which pays the bills to Israel and Egypt for the electricity they supply to Gaza. In April 2017, the PA ceased paying the electricity bills issued by Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) and by Egypt. [5] This decision was reversed in January 2018. [6]

During the early stages of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Israel shut off the supply of electricity to Gaza. The sole remaining power station as the main supplier ran out of fuel on 11 October 2023.

Background

Until June 2013, diesel fuel for the power plant was smuggled from Egypt, where fuel at the time was highly subsidized. Egypt took measures against the Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels, halting these cheap imports. With a halt to such smuggling and with restricted amounts of fuel supplied via Israel, due to the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, the power plant began operating at partial capacity. [7] The supply of electricity by IEC was not subject to the blockade, and the supply from Egypt was unreliable.

In 2014, during the Gaza War, the Gaza Power Plant was hit several times by Israeli shelling. Its fire extinguishing systems were struck and its fuel tanks were set ablaze. By 2015, the plant had underwent some basic repairs and relied on one small fuel tank to operate. The blockade renders maintenance and importing parts very difficult, and limits fuel imports. [8]

Power crisis of 2017

On 16 April 2017, the Gaza power plant closed after fuel supplied by Qatar and Turkey ran out. [9] Hamas blamed the PA for the crisis by not passing tax revenues to Gaza, while the PA claimed that Hamas officials in Gaza were simply incapable of running the plant efficiently. [10] As at 25 April 2017, all power lines from Egypt to Gaza were down. [9] [11] [12] The electricity supplied by IEC was the only electricity available in the Gaza Strip.

In April 2017, the PA told IEC that it would only pay ILS 25 million of the ILS 40 million monthly bill for Gaza and instructed IEC to reduce supply. [11] IEC reduced supplies to Gaza in May and June 2017, saying the dispute was an internal Palestinian matter. [13] [14] [15] PA President Mahmoud Abbas was seen as seeking to ramp up pressure on Hamas. [16] The Israeli military and the UN have warned that the electricity crisis and resulting humanitarian crisis may lead Gaza to initiate military hostilities. [17] [18] Hamas has labelled Israel's decision as "dangerous and catastrophic", threatening to renew violence. [19]

According to Asharq Al-Awsat Egypt offered, in June 2017, to supply Gaza with electricity in exchange for the extradition of 17 wanted terrorists and other security demands. [16] [20] On 20 June 2017, it was reported that Egypt and Hamas reached an understanding according to which Egypt would supply 500 tons of diesel fuel daily. This supply was not subject to Israeli custom duties (which would have been withheld by the PA). [21]

In July 2017, untreated sewage was directed to the sea, due to the lack of electricity, severely polluting Gaza's beaches. As a result, the number of beach goers plummeted. [22] [23] The Israeli beach of Zikim was closed as well due to the sewage pollution from Gaza. [24] Gazan sewage was also pumped into Israel via Nahal Hanoun from Beit Hanoun and Beit Lahia polluting the Israeli coastal groundwater aquifer. [25]

In August 2017, the United Nations human rights office called on Israeli, Palestinian and Hamas authorities to resolve the conflict, saying "We are deeply concerned about the steady deterioration in the humanitarian conditions and the protection of human rights in Gaza", and that the supply of electricity for less than four a hours a day since April "has a grave impact on the provision of essential health, water and sanitation services". [26]

Israeli human rights group B'Tselem has documented how Gazans cope with electricity being provided on a rolling blackout schedule of a few hours a day, [27] and has further said that Israel should take responsibility for the crisis, a responsibility Israel denies, saying that Hamas should allocate funds for electricity rather than personal gain and military expenditure on equipment and military tunnels. [28]

Further disruptions

In August 2020, the Gaza power plant shut down after Israel suspended fuel shipments after dozens of incendiary balloons were launched from Gaza causing brush fires in southern Israel. Political sources described the effort as a bid to pressure Israel to ease its blockade and allow more Arab and international investment. [29]

During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, electric lines supplying Gaza from Israel were struck by errant Gazan rockets, knocking out three of the ten power lines from Israel, severely reducing the electricity supply. [30] At the time, the Israel Electric Corporation stated that it cannot repair the lines, [30] and after the fighting ceased the IEC Union released a statement refusing to repair the facilities until Israeli prisoners of Hamas (including Avera Mengistu and the bodies of Hadar Goldin and Oron Shaul) were returned. [31]

During the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Israel shut off the supply of electricity to Gaza. [32] The sole remaining power station ran out of fuel on 11 October 2023. [33]

Power sources

Almost all of Gaza's liquid fuel and about half of its electricity is supplied by Israel. These supplies are normally not subject to the continuing blockade of the Gaza Strip, though limitations apply.

As of 2017, Gaza's normal energy needs are estimated to be approximately 400–600 megawatts for full 24-hour supply to all residents. The electricity is normally supplied by:

Even in normal conditions, the current rated supply of Gaza is inadequate to meet growing needs, and the crisis has led to further closure and reductions to each of these power sources. [7] [38]

See also

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Palestine produces no oil or natural gas and is predominantly dependent on the Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) for electricity. According to UNCTAD, the Palestinian Territory "lies above sizeable reservoirs of oil and natural gas wealth" but "occupation continues to prevent Palestinians from developing their energy fields so as to exploit and benefit from such assets." In 2012, electricity available in West Bank and Gaza was 5,370 GW-hour, while the annual per capita consumption of electricity was 950 kWh. National sources only produce 445 GWh of electricity, supplying less than 10% of demand. The only domestic source of energy is the disputed Gaza Marine gas field, which has not yet been developed. Palestinian energy demand increased rapidly, increasing by 6.4% annually between 1999 and 2005. Future consumption of electricity is expected to reach 8,400 GWh by 2020 on the expectation that consumption will increase by 6% annually.

On 9 October 2023, Israel intensified the blockade of the Gaza Strip in response to the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war and attacks in Israel by Hamas militants. Israel announced a "total blockade", blocking the entry of food, water, medicine, fuel and electricity. Israel has said that the Gaza Strip blockade would not be lifted until the hostages, who were abducted by Hamas, are safely returned to their homes. Hamas had announced that it would release all Israeli hostages in exchange for the release of all Palestinian prisoners by Israel. On 18 October 2023, United States President Joe Biden announced that Israel and Egypt had agreed to allow humanitarian aid to enter the Gaza Strip, with the first supplies entering on 21 October 2023. The blockade resulted in a humanitarian crisis.

References

  1. ↑ "Gaza's Electricity Crisis: The Impact of Electricity Cuts on the Humanitarian Situation" (PDF). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2014.
  2. ↑ ‘Gaza Infrastructure Nearing Collapse’, JPost, January 2017
  3. ↑ Seeing no end to power crisis, Gazans turn to the sun, Reuters, March 2016
  4. ↑ Gaza’s electricity crisis sheds light on gap between social classes, al-Monitor, March 2016
  5. ↑ "Why Abbas asked Israel to cut power to Gaza", BBC News , 27 April 2017
  6. ↑ "Palestinian Authority says resuming payment for Gaza's Israeli electricity", Reuters, 4 January 2018
  7. 1 2 The humanitarian impact of Gaza’s electricity and fuel crisis Archived 2017-03-22 at the Wayback Machine , UN OCHA, March 2014
  8. ↑ Gaza conflict one year on: The power plant
  9. 1 2 Egyptian power lines to Gaza down, Middle East Monitor, April 2017
  10. ↑ Oren Liebermann; Talal Abu Rahma (17 April 2017). "Gaza faces crisis as power plant runs out of fuel". CNN. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  11. 1 2 Gewirtz, Jason (15 May 2017). "Israel and Gaza: An electricity dispute makes a tense situation worse". CNBC.com. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  12. ↑ Egypt shuts non-functioning power lines to Gaza for maintenance – report, Times of Israel, Dov Lieber, 12 June 2017
  13. ↑ "Israel reduces Gaza electricity after PA refuses to pay". JPost.com. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  14. ↑ Israel cuts Gaza electricity after Palestinian president says he will no longer pay the bill for Hamas, Telegraph, 12 June
  15. ↑ "Israel reduces power supply to Gaza, as Abbas pressures Hamas". Reuters. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  16. 1 2 Egypt said to offer Hamas electricity in exchange for 17 wanted men, Times of Israel, 13 June 2017
  17. ↑ Gaza Power Cuts Boost Tension With Israel, Ha'aretz, 12 June 2017
  18. ↑ "UN: Fatah-Hamas 'tug-of-war' could lead to fresh conflict in Gaza". JPost.com. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  19. ↑ Hamas: Cutting electricity to Gaza would be 'catastrophic', ABC News (AP Newswire), 12 June 2017
  20. ↑ "Egypt offers Gaza electricity in exchange for crackdown on security at border". JPost.com. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  21. ↑ Egypt said to ease Gaza power crisis with emergency fuel supply, 20 June 2017, Times of Israel
  22. ↑ Gaza's beaches unseasonably empty, Al-Monitor, Rasha Abou Jalal, 27 July 2017
  23. ↑ 'The worst it's been': children continue to swim as raw sewage floods Gaza beach, Guardian, Peter Beaumont, 31 July 2017
  24. ↑ Gaza Sewage Forces Shutdown of Israeli Beach, JPost, Sharon Udasin and Tova Lazaroff, 6 July 2017
  25. ↑ Gaza sewage water polluting Israeli groundwater, YNET, Matan Tzuri, 19 July 2017
  26. ↑ U.N. urges end to Gaza crisis in punishing summer heat, Reuters, 11 August 2017
  27. ↑ "Winter 2017: Living without electricity just an hour and a half away from Tel Aviv". www.BTselem.org. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  28. ↑ "Israel cannot shirk its responsibility for Gaza's electricity crisis". www.BTselem.org. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  29. ↑ al-Mughrabi, Nidal (18 August 2020). "Gaza's lone power plant shuts down amid tension with Israel". Reuters . Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  30. 1 2 "Israel says high voltage power lines supplying Gaza Strip with electricity damaged". Al Arabiya English. 16 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  31. ↑ "Electric company union: No repair to Gaza power lines until captives returned". www.timesofisrael.com. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  32. ↑ "Israel cuts electricity supply to Gaza". www.timesofisrael.com. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  33. ↑ "Mains electricity in Gaza has gone out". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  34. ↑ Gaza's Only Power Plant Knocked Out, Arutz7, July 2014
  35. ↑ Israel, Turkey eager to rebuild Gaza, Globes English, June 2016
  36. ↑ "Palestinian Authority halts payments for Israeli electricity to Gaza: Israel". Reuters. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  37. ↑ "Hamas blames Abbas for Gaza power plant shutdown". JPost.com. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  38. ↑ With Only Three Hours of Electricity a Day, Gaza Is 'On Verge of Explosion', Ha'aretz, January 2017
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