Rolling blackout

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A room during load shedding at night in West Bengal, India. A room during load shedding at night in West Bengal, India.jpg
A room during load shedding at night in West Bengal, India.

A rolling blackout, also referred to as rota or rotational load shedding, rota disconnection, feeder rotation, or a rotating outage, is an intentionally engineered electrical power shutdown in which electricity delivery is stopped for non-overlapping periods of time over different parts of the distribution region. Rolling blackouts are a last-resort measure used by an electric utility company to avoid a total blackout of the power system.

Contents

Rolling blackouts are a measure of demand response if the demand for electricity exceeds the power supply capability of the network. Rolling blackouts may be localised to a specific part of the electricity network, or they may be more widespread and affect entire countries and continents. Rolling blackouts generally result from two causes: insufficient generation capacity or inadequate transmission infrastructure to deliver power to where it is needed.

Rolling blackouts are also used as a response strategy to cope with reduced output beyond reserve capacity from power stations taken offline unexpectedly.

In developing countries

Rolling blackouts are a common or even a normal daily event in many developing countries, [1] where electricity generation capacity is underfunded or infrastructure is poorly managed. In well managed under-capacity systems blackouts are planned and schedules are published in advance to allow people to work around them. In poorly managed systems they happen without warning, typically whenever the transmission frequency falls below the 'safe' limit.

These have wide-ranging impacts, and can effect the expectations of communities. For example, in Ghana dumsor describes the widespread expectations for intermittent unexpected power outages due to rolling blackouts.

Iran

In 2021, Iran regularly conducted large blackouts nationwide. [2]

In July 2024, the government started 4 hour per day blackouts affecting homes and industries despite 40 degrees Celsius heat waves, and the severity of power shortages exceeded worst case scenario predictions. [3] [4] [5]

On 10 November 2024, the government began reimplementing blackouts nationally. [6]

Philippines

Remote areas or off-grid areas are the most vulnerable to power supply issues. [7] Areas placed with under yellow and red alerts are subject to rolling blackouts. [8] [9]

South Africa

Since 2007, South Africa has experienced multiple periods of rolling blackouts which are locally referred to as load shedding by the state-owned energy company Eskom. This was initially caused by the country's demand for electricity outstripping supply, and as time progressed, later exacerbated by ageing power infrastructure, poor maintenance, and the slow completion of new power stations. It was recently revealed by Eskom's former spokesperson Sikhonathi Mantshantsh, that widespread tender corruption and the sabotage of power infrastructure by employees [10] [11] is one of the primary reasons for continuing load shedding. This has caused severe damage to the South African economy and has played a large part in limiting the country's economic growth.

Ukraine

Power generators in Dnipro during the blackouts, 2024 Generators in Dnipro.jpg
Power generators in Dnipro during the blackouts, 2024

In the late 1990s, Ukraine experienced frequent scheduled electricity blackouts throughout the country's power system due to miners' strikes, the destruction of the coal industry in 1991–1996, the hidden privatization of energy companies and barters in the energy industry, which included even nuclear power. [12]

During the Russian invasion in 2022, Russia conducted multiple attacks on Ukraine's energy infrastructure. [13] [14] [15] [16] On 23 October 2022, rolling blackouts were introduced in Kyiv and its oblast. [17] [18] Rolling blackouts were introduced in all Ukrainian regions on 25 October 2022. [19]

In 2024, Ukraine faced another unprecedented energy crisis due to Russia's destruction of energy infrastructure, re-introducing rolling blackouts. Approximately 70% of the country's heating infrastructure was either damaged or under occupation by May 2024. [20]

Egypt

In the Summer of 2023, with the unprecedented heatwave that hit the country, the Egyptian government announced it would start a scheduled blackout across all major cities for 1 hour per day until the heatwave ended. However, the blackouts remained well into the winter and were increased to 2 hours per day. In the Summer of 2024, the temperatures rose even higher and the schedule changed to 3 hours per day with reports of unplanned cuts in Alexandria, Cairo and other cities where some places faced over 6 hours without electricity for 3 days. [21]

In developed countries

Rolling blackouts in developed countries sometimes occur due to economic forces at the expense of system reliability, [22] [23] or during natural disasters such as heat waves. [24]

Japan

After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the Tokyo Electric Power Company implemented rolling blackouts. Its service area was divided into five blocks and blackouts were implemented from 6:20 to 22:00. The schedule from 15 to 18 March 2011 was as follows: [25] [26]

Time15 March16 March17 March18 March
6:20–10:00Block 3Block 4Block 5Block 1
9:20–13:00Block 4Block 5Block 1Block 2
12:20–16:00Block 5Block 1Block 2Block 3
15:20–19:00Block 1Block 2Block 3Block 4
18:20–22:00Block 2Block 3Block 4Block 5

USA

In California, rolling blackouts during 2000–01 California energy crisis occurred in June 2000, January, March and May 2001, [27] and August 2020. [28] [29] The 2021 Texas power crisis involved rolling blackouts caused by the February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm and lack of winterization. [30] The Late December 2022 North American winter storm resulted in rolling blackouts in parts of the eastern US. [31] [32] [33]

Other

Effects

Intermittent access to electricity causes major economic problems for businesses, which incur costs in the form of lost resources, reduced patronage, or curtailed production if electrical equipment—for example refrigeration, lighting, or machinery—abruptly stops working. [34] Businesses in areas that are subject to regular blackouts may invest in backup power generation to avoid these costs, but power backup is itself a cost because generators must be purchased and maintained and fuel must be regularly replenished.

Scheduling

When blackouts are scheduled in advance, they are easier to work around. [35]

The speed at which blackouts roll may be adjusted so that no blackout lasts longer than a certain limit. For instance, in Italy, the PESSE (Piano di Emergenza per la Sicurezza del Sistema Electrico, Emergency plan for national grid safety) does not permit a controlled blackout longer than 90 minutes. In Canada, blackouts have been rolled so that no area had to spend more than one hour without power. [36] [37]

Causes

In some countries, generating capacity is chronically below demand. [38] [39] [40] [35] Assorted factors may prevent adequate investment in generation. [41] Alternately, generating capacity may temporarily decrease below demand due to power station outages [42] or loss of renewable capacity due to the wind dropping [37] or the sun shining less. [43] Natural disasters can also abruptly reduce supply by damaging power plants. [41] A lack of fuel makes some types of power plant useless. [44] Industrial accidents and poor maintenance can also take generation capacity offline. [45] [46] Conflict can disrupt fuel supply, [47] as well as damage or destroy generating and delivery infrastructure. [48] [19]

In electricity grids where power generators are paid a flexible market rate, power suppliers sometimes deliberately keep the generating capacity too low, or fake accidents that take capacity offline, to jack up prices. [49] [37]

Demand spikes can also cause blackouts. Unusually hot [35] [50] or cold weather [51] [52] [53] [36] can cause demand spikes. Independent system operators may introduce rolling blackouts in anticipation of demand spikes, based on often arbitrary minimum thresholds of electricity reserves. [29]

In the case of South Africa, failing and aged infrastructure, lack of maintenance and alleged corruption in the country's African National Congress-led government in the running of their primary electricity provider, Eskom, is the direct cause of rolling blackouts.[ citation needed ]

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References

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  7. ↑ Galvez, Daphne (31 January 2023). "Rotational brownouts to hit 1.3 million houses in 2023 — DOE". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
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  35. 1 2 3 "Unscheduled loadshedding irks people in Punjab". The Nation. 2 October 2011.
  36. 1 2 "Newfoundland outages worsen amid sudden 'generation problems'". 5 January 2014.
  37. 1 2 3 Gerein, Keith (9 July 2012). "Rolling electricity blackouts strike Edmonton and across the province". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012.
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  40. ↑ "India offers Pakistan electricity to curb load-shedding". The Express Tribune. 20 April 2011.
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  47. ↑ Ukraine turns off reactor at its most powerful nuclear plant after 'accident', The Independent (28 December 2014)
    Ukraine Briefly Cuts Power to Crimea Amid Feud With Russia Over NATO, New York Times (DEC. 24, 2014)
    Coal import to help avoid rolling blackouts in Ukraine — energy minister, ITAR-TASS (31 December 2014)
    Rolling blackouts in Ukraine after nuclear plant accident
    Mashable (3 Dec 2014)
    Ukraine to Import Coal From ‘Far Away’ as War Curtails Mines, Bloomberg News (31 Dec 2014)
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  49. ↑ Lauren Johnston (2 June 2004). "Enron tapes anger lawmakers". CBS Evening News.
  50. ↑ "SA heatwave forces blackouts to cope with electricity demand, angering Government". ABC News. 9 February 2017.
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