Electric energy consumption is energy consumption in the form of electrical energy. [2] About a fifth of global energy is consumed as electricity: for residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other purposes. [2] Quickly increasing this share by further electrification is extremely important to limit climate change, [3] because most other energy is consumed by burning fossil fuels thus emitting greenhouse gases which trap heat. [4]
The global electricity consumption in 2022 was 24,398 terawatt-hour (TWh), almost exactly three times the amount of consumption in 1981 (8,132 TWh). [5] China, the United States, India and Japan accounted for more than half of the global share of electricity consumption. [5]
Electric energy is most often measured either in joules (J), or in watt hours (W·h). [6]
Electric and electronic devices consume electric energy to generate desired output (light, heat, motion, etc.). During operation, some part of the energy is lost depending on the electrical efficiency. [7]
Electricity has been generated in power stations since 1882. [8] The invention of the steam turbine in 1884 to drive the electric generator led to an increase in worldwide electricity consumption. [9]
In 2022, the total worldwide electricity production was nearly 29,000 TWh. [10] Total primary energy is converted into numerous forms, including, but not limited to, electricity, heat and motion. [11] Some primary energy is lost during the conversion to electricity, as seen in the United States, where a little more than 60% was lost in 2022. [11]
Electricity accounted for more than 20% of worldwide final energy consumption in 2022, with oil being less than 40%, coal being less than 9%, natural gas being less than 15%, biofuels and waste less than 10%, and other sources (such as heat, solar electricity, wind electricity and geothermal) being more than 5%. [12] The total final electricity consumption in 2022 was split unevenly between the following sectors: industry (42.2%), residential (26.8%), commercial and public services (21.1%), transport (1.8%), and other (8.1%; i.e., agriculture and fishing). [12] In 1981, the final electricity consumption continued to decrease in the industrial sector and increase in the residential, commercial and public services sectors. [12]
A sensitivity analysis on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network model for electric demand estimation shows that employment is the most critical factor influencing electrical consumption. [13] The study used six parameters as input data, employment, GDP, dwelling, population, heating degree day and cooling degree day, with electricity demand as output variable. [13]
The table lists 45 electricity-consuming countries, which used about 22,000 TWh. These countries comprise about 90% of the final consumption of 190+ countries. The final consumption to generate this electricity is provided for every country. The data is from 2022. [10] [14]
In 2022, OECD's final electricity consumption was over 10,000 TWh. [5] In that year, the industrial sector consumed about 42.2% of the electricity, with the residential sector consuming nearly 26.8%, the commercial and public services sectors consuming about 21.1%, the transport sector consuming nearly 1.8%, and the other sectors (such as agriculture and fishing) consuming nearly 8.1%. [12] In recent decades, the consumption in the residential and commercial and public services sectors has grown, while the industry consumption has declined. [5] More recently, the transport sector has witnessed an increase in consumption with the growth in the electric vehicle market. [5]
Rank Data 2022 | Country | Final consumption (TWh) | Population (millions) | Per capita consumption (MWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|
— | WORLD | 24,398 | 7,960 | 3.07 |
1 | ![]() | 7,214 | 1,443 | 5 |
2 | ![]() | 4,272 | 336 | 12.71 |
3 | ![]() | 1,403 | 1,401 | 1 |
4 | ![]() | 1,132 | 126 | 8.98 |
5 | ![]() | 934 | 146 | 6.4 |
6 | ![]() | 595 | 38.1 | 15.62 |
7 | ![]() | 553 | 51.2 | 10.8 |
8 | ![]() | 550 | 215 | 2.56 |
9 | ![]() | 539 | 82.2 | 6.55 |
10 | ![]() | 463 | 67.7 | 6.84 |
11 | ![]() | 317 | 36 | 8.81 |
12 | ![]() | 312 | 68.4 | 4.56 |
13 | ![]() | 308 | 276 | 1.17 |
14 | ![]() | 300 | 60 | 5 |
15 | ![]() | 296 | 127 | 2.33 |
16 | ![]() | 280 | 83.3 | 3.36 |
17 | ![]() | 264 | 84 | 3.14 |
18 | ![]() | 257 | 23.8 [15] | 10.8 |
19 | ![]() | 246 | 46.8 | 5.26 |
20 | ![]() | 233 | 60 | 3.88 |
21 | ![]() | 225 | 26 | 8.65 |
22 | ![]() | 220 | 100 | 2.2 |
23 | ![]() | 203 | 70 | 2.9 |
24 | ![]() | 170 | 33.2 | 5.12 |
25 | ![]() | 168 | 105 | 1.6 |
26 | ![]() | 156 | 37.5 | 4.17 |
27 | ![]() | 154 | 43.2 | 3.56 |
28 | ![]() | 147 | 10.2 | 14.4 |
29 | ![]() | 138 | 46 | 3 |
30 | ![]() | 136 | 10.2 | 13.33 |
31 | ![]() | 128 | 5.5 | 23.27 |
32 | ![]() | 124 | 226 | 0.55 |
33 | ![]() | 120 | 17.5 | 6.86 |
34 | ![]() | 98 | 11.8 | 8.33 |
35 | ![]() | 90 | 5.6 | 16.03 |
36 | ![]() | 84 | 19.2 | 4.38 |
37 | ![]() | 75 | 18.7 | 4 |
38 | ![]() | 73 | 9.1 | 8.02 |
39 | ![]() | 72 | 28.1 | 2.56 |
40 | ![]() | 66 | 44 | 1.5 |
41 | ![]() | 62 | 9.3 | 6.67 |
42 | ![]() | 59 | 9.4 | 6.27 |
43 | ![]() | 43 | 5 | 8.6 |
44 | ![]() | 35 | 5.8 | 6.02 |
45 | ![]() | 28 | 5.5 | 5.1 |
The final consumption divided by the number of inhabitants provides a country's consumption per capita. In Western Europe, this is between 4 and 8 MWh/year. [10] (1 MWh = 1,000 kWh) In Scandinavia, the United States, Canada, Taiwan, South Korea, Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom, the per capita consumption is higher; however, in developing countries, it is much lower. [10] The world's average was about 3 MWh/year in 2022. [10] Very low consumption levels, such as those in Philippines, not included in the table, indicate that many inhabitants are not connected to the electricity grid, and that is the reason why some of the world's most populous countries, incl. Nigeria and Bangladesh, do not appear in the table. [14]
The table lists 30 countries, which represent about 76% of the world population, 84% of the world GDP, and 85% of the world electricity generation. [10] [14] [16] [17] Productivity per electricity generation (concept similar to energy intensity) can be measured by dividing GDP over the electricity generated. The data is from 2019. [10] [14] [16] [17]
Country | Population, millions | rank* | GDP (PPP), billions (USD) | rank* | GDP (PPP) per capita | rank* | Electricity generation (GWh/yr) | rank* | GDP (PPP) /kWh* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 1,407 | 1 | $14,280 | 2 | $10,149 | 15 | 7,503,428 | 1 | $1.9 |
![]() | 1,366 | 2 | $2,871 | 6 | $2,102 | 26 | 1,603,675 | 3 | $1.8 |
![]() | 328 | 3 | $21,433 | 1 | $65,345 | 1 | 4,411,159 | 2 | $4.9 |
![]() | 270.6 | 4 | $1,119 | 16 | $4,135 | 20 | 278,942 | 17 | $4.0 |
![]() | 211 | 6 | $1,878 | 9 | $8,900 | 18 | 626,328 | 7 | $3.0 |
![]() | 216.6 | 5 | $279 | 26 | $1,288 | 28 | 138,626 | 24 | $2.0 |
![]() | 163 | 8 | $302 | 25 | $1,853 | 27 | 89,672 | 27 | $3.4 |
![]() | 201 | 7 | $448 | 22 | $2,229 | 25 | 33,552 [18] | 28 | $13.4 |
![]() | 144 | 9 | $1,687 | 11 | $11,715 | 14 | 1,118,143 | 4 | $1.5 |
![]() | 126 | 11 | $5,149 | 3 | $40,865 | 7 | 1,030,286 | 5 | $5.0 |
![]() | 127.6 | 10 | $1,269 | 15 | $9,945 | 16 | 322,584 | 13 | $3.9 |
![]() | 108 | 13 | $377 | 23 | $3,491 | 21 | 106,041 | 26 | $3.6 |
![]() | 96.5 | 15 | $262 | 27 | $2,715 | 24 | 227,461 | 21 | $1.2 |
![]() | 112 | 12 | $96 | 29 | $857 | 29 | 14,553 [19] | 29 | $6.6 |
![]() | 100.4 | 14 | $303 | 24 | $3,018 | 23 | 200,563 | 22 | $1.5 |
![]() | 83 | 18 | $3,888 | 4 | $46,843 | 4 | 609,406 | 8 | $6.4 |
![]() | 83.5 | 17 | $761 | 19 | $9,114 | 17 | 303,898 | 15 | $2.5 |
![]() | 86.8 | 16 | $50 | 30 | $576 | 30 | 9,990 [20] | 30 | $5.0 |
![]() | 83 | 19 | $258 | 28 | $3,108 | 22 | 318,696 | 14 | $0.8 |
![]() | 69.6 | 20 | $544 | 21 | $7,816 | 19 | 186,503 | 23 | $2.9 |
![]() | 67.3 | 21 | $2,729 | 7 | $40,550 | 8 | 562,842 | 10 | $4.8 |
![]() | 66.8 | 22 | $2,879 | 5 | $43,099 | 6 | 324,761 | 12 | $8.9 |
![]() | 59.7 | 23 | $2,009 | 8 | $33,652 | 9 | 293,853 | 16 | $6.8 |
![]() | 51.7 | 24 | $1,651 | 12 | $31,934 | 10 | 585,301 | 9 | $2.8 |
![]() | 47.1 | 25 | $1,393 | 13 | $29,575 | 11 | 267,501 | 19 | $5.2 |
![]() | 37.6 | 26 | $1,742 | 10 | $46,330 | 5 | 648,676 | 6 | $2.7 |
![]() | 34.3 | 27 | $793 | 18 | $23,120 | 13 | 343,661 | 11 | $2.3 |
![]() | 23.6 [15] | 28 | $605 [21] | 20 | $25,636 | 12 | 274,059 | 18 | $2.2 |
![]() | 25.4 | 29 | $1,392 | 14 | $54,803 | 2 | 265,901 | 20 | $5.2 |
![]() | 17.3 | 30 | $910 | 17 | $52,601 | 3 | 121,062 | 25 | $7.5 |
World | 7,683 | — | $87,555 | — | $11,395 | — | 27,044,191 | — | $3.5 |
|
The table below lists the 15 countries with the highest final electricity consumption, which comprised more than 70% of the global consumption in 2022. [10]
Country/ Geographical Region | Total (TWh) | Industry | Transport | Commercial /Public Services | Residential | Agriculture /Forestry | other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | 7,214 | 59.9% | 2.4% | 7.3% | 16.4% | 2.2% | 11.8% |
![]() | 4,272 | 19.9% | 0.6% | 35.2% | 37.4% | 2.1% | 4.8% |
![]() | 1,403 | 37.7% | 11.2% | 7.8% | 21.7% | 15.9% | 5.7% |
![]() | 1,132 | 37% | 1.8% | 33.7% | 27.1% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
![]() | 934 | 44.8% | 11.1% | 20.4% | 21.1% | 2.5% | 0.1% |
![]() | 595 | 35.9% | 1.5% | 28.1% | 32.5% | 2.0% | 0% |
![]() | 553 | 52.3% | 0.6% | 31.4% | 12.7% | 2.5% | 0.5% |
![]() | 550 | 38.3% | 0.7% | 27.3% | 27.7% | 6% | 0% |
![]() | 539 | 44.8% | 2.3% | 26.4% | 25.4% | 1.1% | 0% |
![]() | 463 | 26.9% | 2.4% | 31.5% | 37% | 1.9% | 0.3% |
![]() | 317 | 33.7% | 3.9% | 28.3% | 25% | 4.1% | 5% |
![]() | 312 | 18.3% | 2.2% | 38.2% | 39.1% | 2% | 0.2% |
![]() | 300 | 30% | 5% | 32% | 30% | 1% | 2% |
![]() | 296 | 29% | 4% | 33% | 30% | 3% | 1% |
![]() | 280 | 24% | 6% | 37% | 25% | 5% | 3% |
World | 24,398 | 42.2% | 1.8% | 21.1% | 26.8% | 3.1% | 5% |
![]() | This section needs to be updated.(February 2022) |
Looking forward, increasing energy efficiency will result in less electricity needed for a given demand in power, but demand will increase strongly on the account of: [22]
As transport and heating become more climate-friendly, the environmental effect of energy consumption will be more determined by electricity. [22]
The International Energy Agency expects revisions of subsidies for fossil fuels which amounted to $550 billion in 2013, more than four times renewable energy subsidies. In this scenario, [23] almost half of the increase in 2040 of electricity consumption is covered by more than 80% growth of renewable energy. Many new nuclear plants will be constructed, mainly to replace old ones. The nuclear part of electricity generation will increase from 11 to 12%. The renewable part goes up much more, from 21 to 33%. The IEA warns that in order to restrict global warming to 2 °C, carbon dioxide emissions [24] must not exceed 1000 gigaton (Gt) from 2014. This limit is reached in 2040 and emissions will not drop to zero ever.
The World Energy Council [25] sees world electricity consumption increasing to more than 40,000 TWh/a in 2040. The fossil part of generation depends on energy policy. It can stay around 70% in the so-called Jazz scenario where countries rather independently "improvise" but it can also decrease to around 40% in the Symphony scenario if countries work "orchestrated" for more climate friendly policy. Carbon dioxide emissions, 32 Gt/a in 2012, will increase to 46 Gt/a in Jazz but decrease to 26 Gt/a in Symphony. Accordingly, until 2040 the renewable part of generation will stay at about 20% in Jazz but increase to about 45% in Symphony.
In 2024 demand for electricity, stagnant since 2004, began to surge and electric utilities raised their power-needed forecasts for 2028 by a factor of 100%. This is based on the projected number of new data centers to support the artificial intelligence (AI) escalation, a resurgence in US manufacturing, and the prospect of more electric vehicles. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation, who monitors the health of the US energy grid, has reported that, if more electrical energy generation is not available soon, significant sections of the US could face blackouts. [26] The Boston Consulting Group has predicted that, by 2030, electricity demand for US data centers, specifically for AI, could triple. [27] The International Energy Agency’s forecast that carbon emissions would continue to decline remains in effect, as low carbon emission energy sources – wind, solar, nuclear and hydro - are projected to account for almost 50% of global power sources by 2026, up from 40% in 2023. [28]
In 2024, it remained uncertain precisely how much increased electrical power the AI data center technology might require, but there is general agreement in technology companies that AI data centers will require so much power “…they could strain the power grid and stymie the transition to cleaner energy sources.” There is a new data center constructed globally every three days. Many US utilities are considering construction of natural gas-powered facilities which can provide the reliable power that the AI centers need. Wind and solar, because of the unpredictability of weather, cannot provide that reliability. Large enough nuclear electrical power production facilities (only one is under construction in the US in 2024) remain expensive and time-intensive to construct. [29]
An EU survey conducted on climate and energy consumption in 2022 found that 63% of people in the European Union want energy costs to be dependent on use, with the greatest consumers paying more. This is compared to 83% in China, 63% in the UK and 57% in the US. [30] [31] 24% of Americans surveyed believing that people and businesses should do more to cut their own usage (compared to 20% in the UK, 19% in the EU, and 17% in China). [32] [33]
Nearly half of those polled in the European Union (47%) and the United Kingdom (45%) want their government to focus on the development of renewable energies. This is compared to 37% in both the United States and China when asked to list their priorities on energy. [32] [34] [35]
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower. Hydropower supplies one sixth of the world's electricity, almost 4,500 TWh in 2020, which is more than all other renewable sources combined and also more than nuclear power. Hydropower can provide large amounts of low-carbon electricity on demand, making it a key element for creating secure and clean electricity supply systems. A hydroelectric power station that has a dam and reservoir is a flexible source, since the amount of electricity produced can be increased or decreased in seconds or minutes in response to varying electricity demand. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, it produces no direct waste, and almost always emits considerably less greenhouse gas than fossil fuel-powered energy plants. However, when constructed in lowland rainforest areas, where part of the forest is inundated, substantial amounts of greenhouse gases may be emitted.
Japan is a major consumer of energy, ranking fifth in the world by primary energy use. Fossil fuels accounted for 88% of Japan's primary energy in 2019. Japan imports most of its energy due to scarce domestic resources. As of 2022, the country imports 97% of its oil and is the larger LNG importer globally.
Energy in the United Kingdom came mostly from fossil fuels in 2021. Total energy consumption in the United Kingdom was 142.0 million tonnes of oil equivalent in 2019. In 2014, the UK had an energy consumption per capita of 2.78 tonnes of oil equivalent compared to a world average of 1.92 tonnes of oil equivalent. Demand for electricity in 2023 was 29.6 GW on average, supplied through 235 TWh of UK-based generation and 24 TWh of energy imports.
Energy in the United States is obtained from a diverse portfolio of sources, although the majority came from fossil fuels in 2021, as 36% of the nation's energy originated from petroleum, 32% from natural gas, and 11% from coal. Electricity from nuclear power supplied 8% and renewable energy supplied 12%, which includes biomass, wind, hydro, solar and geothermal.
Norway is a large energy producer, and one of the world's largest exporters of oil. Most of the electricity in the country is produced by hydroelectricity. Norway is one of the leading countries in the electrification of its transport sector, with the largest fleet of electric vehicles per capita in the world.
China is both the world's largest energy consumer and the largest industrial country, and ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese Government since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Since the country's industrialization in the 1960s, China is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and coal in China is a major cause of global warming. However, from 2010 to 2015 China reduced energy consumption per unit of GDP by 18%, and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 20%. On a per-capita basis, China was only the world's 51st largest emitter of greenhouse gases in 2016. China is also the world's largest renewable energy producer, and the largest producer of hydroelectricity, solar power and wind power in the world. The energy policy of China is connected to its industrial policy, where the goals of China's industrial production dictate its energy demand managements.
Renewable energy in Spain, comprising bioenergy, wind, solar, and hydro sources, accounted for 15.0% of the Total Energy Supply (TES) in 2019. Oil was the largest contributor at 42.4% of the TES, followed by gas, which made up 25.4%.
Coal generated about 19.5% of the electricity at utility-scale facilities in the United States in 2022, down from 38.6% in 2014 and 51% in 2001. In 2021, coal supplied 9.5 quadrillion British thermal units (2,800 TWh) of primary energy to electric power plants, which made up 90% of coal's contribution to U.S. energy supply. Utilities buy more than 90% of the coal consumed in the United States. There were over 200 coal powered units across the United States in 2022. Coal plants have been closing since the 2010s due to cheaper and cleaner natural gas and renewables. Due to measures such as scrubbers air pollution from the plants kills far fewer people nowadays, but deaths in 2020 from PM 2.5 have been estimated at 1600. Environmentalists say that political action is needed to close them faster, to also reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the United States and better limit climate change.
Energy in Mexico describes energy, fuel, and electricity production, consumption and import in Mexico.
Energy in Finland describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Finland. Energy policy of Finland describes the politics of Finland related to energy. Electricity sector in Finland is the main article regarding electricity in Finland.
China is the world's largest electricity producer, having overtaken the United States in 2011 after rapid growth since the early 1990s. In 2021, China produced 8.5 petawatt-hour (PWh) of electricity, approximately 30% of the world's electricity production.
Energy in Switzerland is transitioning towards sustainability, targeting net zero emissions by 2050 and a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
There is a large array of stakeholders that provide services through electricity generation, transmission, distribution and marketing for industrial, commercial, public and residential customers in the United States. It also includes many public institutions that regulate the sector. In 1996, there were 3,195 electric utilities in the United States, of which fewer than 1,000 were engaged in power generation. This leaves a large number of mostly smaller utilities engaged only in power distribution. There were also 65 power marketers. Of all utilities, 2,020 were publicly owned, 932 were rural electric cooperatives, and 243 were investor-owned utilities. The electricity transmission network is controlled by Independent System Operators or Regional Transmission Organizations, which are not-for-profit organizations that are obliged to provide indiscriminate access to various suppliers to promote competition.
Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export. Energy policy of Australia describes the politics of Australia as it relates to energy.
Electricity production in Belgium reached 87.9 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2020, with nuclear power (39%), natural gas (30%), and wind (15%) as the primary sources. Additional contributions came from biofuels and waste (7%), solar (6%), and coal (2%). In the same year, the total electricity demand was 80.9 TWh, with consumption predominantly from the industrial sector (50%), followed by commercial (25%), residential (23%), and transport (2%) sectors.
The electricity sector in Switzerland relies mainly on hydroelectricity, since the Alps cover almost two-thirds of the country's land mass, providing many large mountain lakes and artificial reservoirs suited for hydro power. In addition, the water masses drained from the Swiss Alps are intensively used by run-of-the-river hydroelectricity (ROR). With 9,052 kWh per person in 2008, the country's electricity consumption is relatively high and was 22% above the European Union's average.
Energy in Algeria encompasses the production, consumption, and import of energy. As of 2009, the primary energy use in Algeria was 462 TWh, with a per capita consumption of 13 TWh. Algeria is a significant producer and exporter of oil and gas and has been a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) since 1969. It also participates in the OPEC+ agreement, collaborating with non-OPEC oil-producing nations. Historically, the country has relied heavily on fossil fuels, which are heavily subsidized and constitute the majority of its energy consumption. In response to global energy trends, Algeria updated its Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Development Plan in 2015, aiming for significant advancements by 2030. This plan promotes the deployment of large-scale renewable technologies, such as solar photovoltaic systems and onshore wind installations, supported by various incentive measures.
Energy in Luxembourg describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Luxembourg. Electricity sector in Luxembourg is the main article of electricity in Luxembourg.
Denmark is a leading country in renewable energy production and usage. Renewable energy sources collectively produced 81% of Denmark's electricity generation in 2022, and are expected to provide 100% of national electric power production from 2030. Including energy use in the heating/cooling and transport sectors, Denmark is expected to reach 100% renewable energy in 2050, up from the 34% recorded in 2021.
World energy supply and consumption refers to the global supply of energy resources and its consumption. The system of global energy supply consists of the energy development, refinement, and trade of energy. Energy supplies may exist in various forms such as raw resources or more processed and refined forms of energy. The raw energy resources include for example coal, unprocessed oil & gas, uranium. In comparison, the refined forms of energy include for example refined oil that becomes fuel and electricity. Energy resources may be used in various different ways, depending on the specific resource, and intended end use. Energy production and consumption play a significant role in the global economy. It is needed in industry and global transportation. The total energy supply chain, from production to final consumption, involves many activities that cause a loss of useful energy.