This is a list of sovereign states and territories by greenhouse gas emissions due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission. The following table lists the 1970, 1990, 2005, 2017 and 2022 annual GHG [n 1] emissions estimates (in kilotons of CO2 equivalent per year) along with a list of calculated emissions per capita (in metric tons of CO2 equivalent per year). The data include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from all sources, including agriculture and land use change. They are measured in carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th assessment report finds that the "Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)" sector on average, accounted for 13–21% of global total anthropogenic GHG emissions in the period 2010–2019. [4] Land use change drivers net AFOLU CO2 emission fluxes, with deforestation being responsible for 45% of total AFOLU emissions. In addition to being a net carbon sink and source of GHG emissions, land plays an important role in climate through albedo effects, evapotranspiration, and aerosol loading through emissions of volatile organic compounds. [4] The IPCC report finds that the LULUCF sector offers significant near-term mitigation potential while providing food, wood and other renewable resources as well as biodiversity conservation. Mitigation measures in forests and other natural ecosystems provide the largest share of the LULUCF mitigation potential between 2020 and 2050. Among various LULUCF activities, reducing deforestation has the largest potential to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions, followed by carbon sequestration in agriculture and ecosystem restoration including afforestation and reforestation. [4] Land use change emissions can be negative. [n 2] [6]
In 2022, GHG emissions from the top 10 countries with the highest emissions accounted for almost two thirds of the global total. Since 2006, China has been emitting more CO2 than any other country. [7] [8] [9]
However, the main disadvantage of measuring total national emissions is that it does not take population size into account. China has the largest CO2 and GHG emissions in the world, but also the largest population. For a fair comparison, emissions should be analyzed in terms of the amount of CO2 and GHG per capita. [10]
Considering GHG per capita emissions in 2022, China's levels (10.95) are almost 60 percent those of the United States (17.90) and less than a sixth of those of Qatar (67.38 – the country with the highest emissions of GHG per capita in 2022). [11] [12]
China, the United States, India, the EU27, Russia and Brazil were the six world largest GHG emitters in 2022. Together they account for 50.1% of global population, 61.2% of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 63.4% of global fossil fuel consumption and 61.6% of global GHG emissions. [12] Even in 2022, global GHG emissions primarily consisted of CO2, resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels (71.6%). CH4 contributed 21% to the total, while the remaining share of emissions comprised N2O (4.8%) and F-gases (2.6%). [12]
Measures of territorial-based emissions, also known as production-based emissions, do not account for emissions embedded in global trade, where emissions may be imported or exported in the form of traded goods, as it only reports emissions emitted within geographical boundaries. Accordingly, a proportion of the CO2 produced and reported in Asia and Africa is for the production of goods consumed in Europe and North America. [13]
According to the review of the scientific literature conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas by warming contribution. [14] The European Union is at the forefront of international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thus safeguard the planet's climate. Greenhouse gases (GHG) – primarily carbon dioxide but also others, including methane and chlorofluorocarbons – trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Higher temperatures then act on the climate, with varying effects. For example, dry regions might become drier while, at the poles, the ice caps are melting, causing higher sea levels. In 2016, the global average temperature was already 1.1 °C above pre-industrial levels. [15]
The data in the following table is extracted from EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. [12]
Country/territory | GHG emissions (ktCO2eq/year) | Per capita (tCO2eq/year | % of world | Change (1990=100%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1990 | 2005 | 2017 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | |
Aruba | 45.2 | 214.4 | 462.6 | 467.2 | 496.7 | 4.64 | 0.001% | 231.7% |
Afghanistan | 17,336.2 | 13,775.6 | 18,191.3 | 31,773.0 | 29,117.9 | 0.73 | 0.054% | 211.4% |
Angola | 20,138.4 | 34,957.0 | 73,533.9 | 81,888.0 | 66,480.1 | 1.90 | 0.124% | 190.2% |
Anguilla | 4.3 | 8.8 | 18.0 | 34.5 | 28.1 | 1.87 | 0.000% | 317.6% |
Albania | 8,261.3 | 11,568.1 | 8,070.1 | 9,281.3 | 7,983.4 | 2.71 | 0.015% | 69.0% |
Netherlands Antilles | 15,078.6 | 2,855.9 | 6,146.2 | 4,171.5 | 2,154.5 | 13.06 | 0.004% | 75.4% |
United Arab Emirates | 29,374.9 | 84,786.9 | 169,629.1 | 270,987.8 | 295,110.3 | 29.33 | 0.549% | 348.1% |
Argentina | 223,210.9 | 262,670.2 | 344,827.1 | 379,169.3 | 382,992.5 | 8.27 | 0.712% | 145.8% |
Armenia | 15,350.1 | 24,373.3 | 7,429.7 | 8,624.0 | 9,377.0 | 3.19 | 0.017% | 38.5% |
Antigua and Barbuda | 170.5 | 246.6 | 265.2 | 335.7 | 359.8 | 3.36 | 0.001% | 145.9% |
Australia | 315,014.3 | 457,216.6 | 576,589.8 | 601,065.2 | 571,382.1 | 21.98 | 1.062% | 125.0% |
Austria | 72,486.0 | 81,508.0 | 96,877.8 | 85,874.4 | 76,743.3 | 8.70 | 0.143% | 94.2% |
Azerbaijan | 46,276.3 | 69,807.5 | 46,458.6 | 57,785.6 | 68,876.9 | 6.72 | 0.128% | 98.7% |
Burundi | 2,284.8 | 3,059.2 | 3,731.9 | 7,223.4 | 7,479.9 | 0.59 | 0.014% | 244.5% |
Belgium | 170,206.5 | 142,803.4 | 145,835.3 | 124,191.4 | 114,032.2 | 9.74 | 0.212% | 79.9% |
Benin | 2,519.1 | 4,201.6 | 8,759.4 | 16,604.7 | 20,685.1 | 1.62 | 0.038% | 492.3% |
Burkina Faso | 6,801.4 | 11,283.5 | 20,701.4 | 31,296.6 | 36,497.1 | 1.65 | 0.068% | 323.5% |
Bangladesh | 130,992.6 | 139,912.8 | 179,555.0 | 268,202.7 | 281,082.1 | 1.62 | 0.523% | 200.9% |
Bulgaria | 91,663.7 | 104,986.5 | 66,755.3 | 65,315.8 | 68,413.5 | 10.00 | 0.127% | 65.2% |
Bahrain | 18,213.1 | 30,224.1 | 43,733.0 | 62,996.5 | 69,976.2 | 39.29 | 0.130% | 231.5% |
Bahamas | 1,586.0 | 1,289.9 | 1,145.1 | 1,675.1 | 1,881.6 | 4.54 | 0.003% | 145.9% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 16,430.5 | 32,789.9 | 23,248.0 | 31,574.4 | 29,324.0 | 8.41 | 0.055% | 89.4% |
Belarus | 82,257.0 | 137,528.2 | 81,382.1 | 101,400.8 | 99,874.2 | 10.65 | 0.186% | 72.6% |
Belize | 293.2 | 495.4 | 601.1 | 924.7 | 976.6 | 2.36 | 0.002% | 197.1% |
Bermuda | 164.2 | 273.1 | 209.3 | 298.0 | 353.9 | 5.90 | 0.001% | 129.6% |
Bolivia | 27,433.2 | 31,278.5 | 36,467.9 | 56,609.4 | 58,463.0 | 4.92 | 0.109% | 186.9% |
Brazil | 365,261.1 | 695,638.1 | 1,067,458.9 | 1,298,021.6 | 1,310,498.9 | 6.05 | 2.437% | 188.4% |
Barbados | 544.5 | 858.9 | 887.3 | 856.2 | 928.0 | 3.22 | 0.002% | 108.0% |
Brunei | 3,207.7 | 8,182.6 | 11,465.3 | 13,653.9 | 14,829.4 | 32.66 | 0.028% | 181.2% |
Bhutan | 730.2 | 1,160.8 | 1,852.5 | 2,979.3 | 3,070.9 | 3.60 | 0.006% | 264.6% |
Botswana | 3,456.1 | 9,333.7 | 10,135.8 | 12,131.5 | 12,607.1 | 5.05 | 0.023% | 135.1% |
Central African Republic | 1,810.4 | 7,823.6 | 10,289.0 | 12,325.6 | 13,448.2 | 2.62 | 0.025% | 171.9% |
Canada | 464,159.0 | 582,165.4 | 745,212.1 | 772,896.9 | 756,810.1 | 19.79 | 1.407% | 130.0% |
Switzerland | 51,202.6 | 54,843.5 | 56,335.3 | 49,216.2 | 45,563.8 | 5.18 | 0.085% | 83.1% |
Chile | 51,533.1 | 60,743.3 | 95,547.5 | 128,447.3 | 137,011.2 | 7.31 | 0.255% | 225.6% |
China | 2,142,614.2 | 4,073,563.0 | 8,431,922.0 | 13,710,100.3 | 15,684,626.8 | 10.95 | 29.161% | 385.0% |
Ivory Coast | 6,679.5 | 11,278.4 | 20,283.6 | 31,455.4 | 36,177.2 | 1.32 | 0.067% | 320.8% |
Cameroon | 7,947.9 | 31,266.3 | 32,468.2 | 40,731.0 | 43,171.3 | 1.58 | 0.080% | 138.1% |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 13,009.6 | 28,575.6 | 30,971.3 | 56,278.8 | 61,635.1 | 0.65 | 0.115% | 215.7% |
Republic of the Congo | 2,540.0 | 11,465.8 | 20,723.1 | 22,759.2 | 25,962.4 | 4.34 | 0.048% | 226.4% |
Cook Islands | 27.7 | 51.2 | 100.4 | 130.8 | 118.2 | 6.96 | 0.000% | 231.2% |
Colombia | 87,114.0 | 139,103.6 | 164,779.9 | 193,581.5 | 215,537.4 | 4.23 | 0.401% | 154.9% |
Comoros | 239.9 | 343.1 | 535.7 | 777.1 | 922.1 | 1.02 | 0.002% | 268.8% |
Cape Verde | 249.1 | 229.5 | 858.9 | 1,108.2 | 1,303.3 | 2.24 | 0.002% | 567.9% |
Costa Rica | 5,992.2 | 10,004.7 | 12,441.3 | 16,056.3 | 16,861.4 | 3.29 | 0.031% | 168.5% |
Cuba | 46,962.8 | 63,546.9 | 46,032.7 | 47,552.6 | 44,376.6 | 3.86 | 0.083% | 69.8% |
Cayman Islands | 30.1 | 122.6 | 162.0 | 291.0 | 344.8 | 5.31 | 0.001% | 281.2% |
Cyprus | 2,942.0 | 5,548.3 | 9,178.7 | 9,196.8 | 10,629.9 | 8.68 | 0.020% | 191.6% |
Czech Republic | 216,877.1 | 197,202.5 | 151,150.6 | 133,490.3 | 124,495.1 | 11.71 | 0.231% | 63.1% |
Germany | 1,322,146.9 | 1,235,234.5 | 983,712.9 | 893,939.6 | 784,004.6 | 9.49 | 1.458% | 63.5% |
Djibouti | 998.4 | 1,892.8 | 1,968.3 | 2,027.4 | 2,232.3 | 2.17 | 0.004% | 117.9% |
Dominica | 39.6 | 87.2 | 128.0 | 140.5 | 147.4 | 1.97 | 0.000% | 169.0% |
Denmark | 80,430.4 | 69,457.6 | 67,257.0 | 49,838.8 | 45,795.2 | 7.84 | 0.085% | 65.9% |
Dominican Republic | 10,231.5 | 18,067.1 | 30,905.6 | 40,279.2 | 41,858.5 | 3.70 | 0.078% | 231.7% |
Algeria | 57,099.8 | 145,886.9 | 188,337.6 | 264,905.6 | 284,445.1 | 6.38 | 0.529% | 195.0% |
Ecuador | 14,207.5 | 38,508.7 | 56,604.8 | 70,234.3 | 76,943.7 | 4.32 | 0.143% | 199.8% |
Egypt | 62,238.6 | 153,020.6 | 278,860.0 | 378,645.0 | 377,780.1 | 3.55 | 0.702% | 246.9% |
Eritrea | 4,173.6 | 4,832.3 | 5,763.3 | 6,528.0 | 6,951.9 | 1.22 | 0.013% | 143.9% |
Western Sahara | 107.9 | 240.6 | 456.1 | 448.6 | 490.4 | 0.78 | 0.001% | 203.8% |
Spain | 192,859.1 | 300,269.0 | 455,616.4 | 357,474.6 | 328,591.0 | 7.08 | 0.611% | 109.4% |
Estonia | 20,225.6 | 43,093.4 | 22,733.5 | 25,319.7 | 13,809.3 | 10.68 | 0.026% | 32.0% |
Ethiopia | 54,131.4 | 66,228.5 | 95,212.0 | 156,161.2 | 192,474.0 | 1.63 | 0.358% | 290.6% |
Finland | 66,615.5 | 85,557.8 | 87,451.9 | 66,912.5 | 54,805.0 | 9.76 | 0.102% | 64.1% |
Fiji | 1,442.6 | 2,195.4 | 3,296.9 | 2,869.0 | 2,982.3 | 3.19 | 0.006% | 135.8% |
Falkland Islands | 3.8 | 7.0 | 12.5 | 18.6 | 25.0 | 8.35 | 0.000% | 355.3% |
France | 637,749.4 | 535,186.8 | 546,469.6 | 469,611.9 | 430,363.3 | 6.50 | 0.800% | 80.4% |
Faroe Islands | 46.3 | 48.4 | 49.7 | 50.7 | 51.0 | 1.00 | 0.000% | 105.4% |
Gabon | 6,818.1 | 20,391.3 | 26,339.3 | 19,892.2 | 18,626.7 | 8.32 | 0.035% | 91.3% |
United Kingdom | 880,219.7 | 786,212.3 | 681,822.8 | 470,745.3 | 426,562.1 | 6.27 | 0.793% | 54.3% |
Georgia | 29,319.2 | 42,124.3 | 11,260.5 | 17,047.8 | 18,045.8 | 4.66 | 0.034% | 42.8% |
Ghana | 7,575.5 | 11,319.4 | 19,310.7 | 40,516.7 | 53,007.3 | 1.66 | 0.099% | 468.3% |
Gibraltar | 82.6 | 159.8 | 428.4 | 677.7 | 689.0 | 19.68 | 0.001% | 431.1% |
Guinea | 5,172.0 | 7,901.2 | 13,781.2 | 25,208.1 | 29,280.4 | 2.02 | 0.054% | 370.6% |
Guadeloupe | 459.1 | 959.3 | 991.5 | 1,191.2 | 1,260.1 | 2.81 | 0.002% | 131.3% |
Gambia | 731.7 | 972.9 | 1,530.0 | 2,120.5 | 2,343.5 | 0.97 | 0.004% | 240.9% |
Guinea-Bissau | 844.5 | 1,663.5 | 2,182.3 | 2,933.5 | 3,243.3 | 1.55 | 0.006% | 195.0% |
Equatorial Guinea | 115.0 | 182.3 | 17,072.8 | 16,576.5 | 11,551.9 | 7.71 | 0.021% | 6,336.7% |
Greece | 45,373.4 | 99,514.3 | 128,975.6 | 89,820.1 | 76,031.2 | 6.88 | 0.141% | 76.4% |
Grenada | 63.5 | 101.1 | 128.2 | 184.8 | 194.1 | 1.75 | 0.000% | 191.9% |
Greenland | 52.1 | 65.2 | 694.0 | 582.8 | 539.5 | 9.47 | 0.001% | 827.1% |
Guatemala | 8,950.6 | 14,150.7 | 27,402.9 | 39,327.6 | 45,018.3 | 2.42 | 0.084% | 318.1% |
French Guiana | 121.0 | 371.5 | 360.9 | 557.9 | 585.5 | 1.84 | 0.001% | 157.6% |
Guyana | 5,098.6 | 3,849.2 | 4,447.1 | 5,991.5 | 7,791.0 | 9.75 | 0.014% | 202.4% |
Hong Kong | 12,084.0 | 39,973.7 | 48,363.5 | 50,499.7 | 39,140.1 | 5.12 | 0.073% | 97.9% |
Honduras | 6,044.0 | 9,652.8 | 16,526.5 | 21,461.3 | 23,744.8 | 2.37 | 0.044% | 246.0% |
Croatia | 28,751.2 | 34,067.6 | 30,005.8 | 26,537.8 | 24,177.8 | 5.94 | 0.045% | 71.0% |
Haiti | 6,441.0 | 7,925.3 | 11,250.6 | 14,850.2 | 14,874.1 | 1.28 | 0.028% | 187.7% |
Hungary | 91,797.8 | 96,780.9 | 80,244.1 | 71,451.9 | 66,207.6 | 6.93 | 0.123% | 68.4% |
Indonesia | 217,887.6 | 427,655.1 | 694,313.9 | 1,019,775.1 | 1,240,832.6 | 4.47 | 2.307% | 290.1% |
India | 817,874.6 | 1,436,580.6 | 2,203,100.2 | 3,590,031.5 | 3,943,264.6 | 2.79 | 7.331% | 274.5% |
Ireland | 40,003.1 | 57,591.4 | 75,339.4 | 66,621.6 | 62,419.1 | 12.58 | 0.116% | 108.4% |
Iran | 212,904.4 | 332,763.0 | 683,556.5 | 937,917.3 | 951,983.7 | 11.20 | 1.770% | 286.1% |
Iraq | 100,560.3 | 169,632.3 | 163,848.9 | 330,746.9 | 367,941.1 | 8.41 | 0.684% | 216.9% |
Iceland | 3,228.7 | 4,427.6 | 4,266.4 | 4,590.7 | 4,768.2 | 13.70 | 0.009% | 107.7% |
Israel | 72,897.9 | 42,692.9 | 73,940.7 | 87,727.6 | 87,753.7 | 6.02 | 0.163% | 205.5% |
Italy | 395,944.8 | 513,737.9 | 580,426.5 | 422,796.1 | 394,747.9 | 6.70 | 0.734% | 76.8% |
Jamaica | 9,414.9 | 9,289.7 | 12,598.5 | 8,921.5 | 7,706.8 | 2.64 | 0.014% | 83.0% |
Jordan | 3,730.4 | 12,541.8 | 25,593.4 | 35,693.8 | 34,539.2 | 3.32 | 0.064% | 275.4% |
Japan | 1,022,184.8 | 1,321,807.7 | 1,402,607.5 | 1,306,923.4 | 1,182,769.9 | 9.41 | 2.199% | 89.5% |
Kazakhstan | 259,461.0 | 349,540.7 | 243,168.7 | 308,907.7 | 331,530.2 | 17.33 | 0.616% | 94.8% |
Kenya | 24,912.4 | 42,674.8 | 59,858.5 | 96,050.0 | 117,894.8 | 2.10 | 0.219% | 276.3% |
Kyrgyzstan | 20,060.8 | 33,702.7 | 12,045.1 | 20,101.6 | 21,939.6 | 3.40 | 0.041% | 65.1% |
Cambodia | 26,301.0 | 20,264.9 | 28,923.5 | 42,488.5 | 50,016.3 | 2.91 | 0.093% | 246.8% |
Kiribati | 27.2 | 35.1 | 90.9 | 113.7 | 110.0 | 0.87 | 0.000% | 313.3% |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 65.4 | 66.4 | 111.4 | 144.3 | 153.3 | 2.64 | 0.000% | 231.0% |
South Korea | 103,319.8 | 330,373.9 | 582,519.8 | 745,547.3 | 725,743.6 | 14.01 | 1.349% | 219.7% |
Kuwait | 73,341.8 | 49,868.2 | 117,473.3 | 144,112.3 | 167,862.0 | 37.96 | 0.312% | 336.6% |
Laos | 7,219.9 | 8,240.3 | 11,735.9 | 34,185.9 | 36,861.5 | 5.01 | 0.069% | 447.3% |
Lebanon | 6,966.9 | 8,059.7 | 20,980.5 | 36,324.7 | 31,926.8 | 5.43 | 0.059% | 396.1% |
Liberia | 1,669.0 | 1,790.4 | 2,697.3 | 4,370.3 | 5,311.2 | 0.99 | 0.010% | 296.6% |
Libya | 131,650.6 | 86,632.3 | 105,179.5 | 85,377.1 | 104,513.9 | 15.32 | 0.194% | 120.6% |
Saint Lucia | 92.1 | 163.6 | 240.8 | 338.4 | 433.4 | 2.37 | 0.001% | 264.9% |
Sri Lanka | 20,512.1 | 23,102.8 | 32,333.9 | 40,768.9 | 38,804.5 | 1.83 | 0.072% | 168.0% |
Lesotho | 1,975.0 | 2,206.8 | 2,830.3 | 3,055.4 | 3,023.1 | 1.27 | 0.006% | 137.0% |
Lithuania | 28,548.4 | 46,631.4 | 21,676.3 | 23,042.3 | 20,846.9 | 7.37 | 0.039% | 44.7% |
Luxembourg | 19,249.8 | 12,669.8 | 13,072.2 | 10,147.7 | 8,475.6 | 13.69 | 0.016% | 66.9% |
Latvia | 18,089.7 | 27,266.5 | 11,742.4 | 11,813.6 | 11,107.8 | 5.98 | 0.021% | 40.7% |
Macau | 361.4 | 1,010.9 | 2,303.7 | 3,366.2 | 2,414.1 | 3.59 | 0.004% | 238.8% |
Morocco | 24,016.5 | 45,249.7 | 74,237.8 | 102,365.0 | 114,770.7 | 3.03 | 0.213% | 253.6% |
Moldova | 20,872.4 | 37,447.1 | 11,180.6 | 11,870.3 | 12,320.3 | 3.09 | 0.023% | 32.9% |
Madagascar | 20,981.5 | 25,245.0 | 28,168.0 | 34,371.9 | 34,979.8 | 1.20 | 0.065% | 138.6% |
Maldives | 31.6 | 152.5 | 845.1 | 2,085.4 | 2,424.3 | 5.14 | 0.005% | 1,589.8% |
Mexico | 217,975.3 | 466,419.2 | 707,979.7 | 802,741.6 | 819,872.9 | 5.99 | 1.524% | 175.8% |
North Macedonia | 12,307.4 | 14,468.7 | 12,439.6 | 10,801.8 | 11,183.8 | 5.35 | 0.021% | 77.3% |
Mali | 12,192.6 | 13,389.4 | 22,415.4 | 41,132.6 | 49,383.2 | 2.30 | 0.092% | 368.8% |
Malta | 791.6 | 2,489.8 | 2,921.9 | 2,013.7 | 2,178.2 | 5.00 | 0.004% | 87.5% |
Myanmar | 71,740.5 | 72,767.1 | 111,059.6 | 157,469.5 | 169,386.9 | 3.04 | 0.315% | 232.8% |
Mongolia | 15,872.6 | 25,924.4 | 25,063.6 | 62,660.4 | 62,790.3 | 19.07 | 0.117% | 242.2% |
Mozambique | 10,296.9 | 10,380.5 | 17,947.2 | 35,740.8 | 40,072.1 | 1.17 | 0.075% | 386.0% |
Mauritania | 5,695.1 | 6,649.8 | 10,404.5 | 14,679.7 | 16,669.9 | 3.31 | 0.031% | 250.7% |
Martinique | 407.0 | 919.0 | 875.0 | 1,055.1 | 1,078.4 | 2.80 | 0.002% | 117.3% |
Mauritius | 902.8 | 1,977.8 | 3,840.5 | 6,054.2 | 6,409.0 | 5.01 | 0.012% | 324.0% |
Malawi | 2,739.2 | 6,396.9 | 9,735.5 | 16,290.1 | 20,919.5 | 0.98 | 0.039% | 327.0% |
Malaysia | 33,132.5 | 94,791.5 | 246,078.1 | 307,934.5 | 353,917.4 | 10.50 | 0.658% | 373.4% |
Namibia | 6,544.3 | 6,638.4 | 10,697.0 | 12,459.3 | 13,102.8 | 4.67 | 0.024% | 197.4% |
New Caledonia | 1,352.8 | 1,908.7 | 3,143.2 | 5,331.1 | 5,687.9 | 19.35 | 0.011% | 298.0% |
Niger | 11,310.6 | 11,678.8 | 21,581.4 | 34,528.6 | 43,240.1 | 1.66 | 0.080% | 370.2% |
Nigeria | 186,683.3 | 287,313.9 | 399,978.8 | 408,751.0 | 407,690.2 | 1.88 | 0.758% | 141.9% |
Nicaragua | 9,224.9 | 10,614.4 | 14,979.9 | 19,978.2 | 21,025.2 | 3.21 | 0.039% | 198.1% |
Netherlands | 182,391.7 | 228,342.4 | 226,131.5 | 206,269.3 | 167,847.4 | 9.72 | 0.312% | 73.5% |
Norway | 55,200.6 | 62,914.1 | 74,509.0 | 73,862.4 | 69,965.5 | 12.60 | 0.130% | 111.2% |
Nepal | 25,311.8 | 31,605.0 | 37,509.2 | 53,401.3 | 56,735.1 | 1.84 | 0.105% | 179.5% |
New Zealand | 57,277.4 | 70,544.4 | 88,081.8 | 87,974.5 | 82,720.4 | 16.83 | 0.154% | 117.3% |
Oman | 14,172.4 | 33,464.8 | 66,647.8 | 121,262.1 | 137,243.7 | 25.59 | 0.255% | 410.1% |
Pakistan | 104,993.5 | 215,032.9 | 351,128.7 | 512,766.2 | 546,099.3 | 2.53 | 1.015% | 254.0% |
Panama | 6,381.2 | 7,365.9 | 12,934.9 | 16,749.0 | 18,477.6 | 4.19 | 0.034% | 250.9% |
Peru | 39,375.9 | 47,003.3 | 66,338.5 | 96,521.1 | 105,139.4 | 3.09 | 0.195% | 223.7% |
Philippines | 90,673.0 | 109,812.4 | 162,958.0 | 239,385.7 | 265,295.9 | 2.35 | 0.493% | 241.6% |
Palau | 2,149.7 | 2,326.2 | 1,841.1 | 1,255.3 | 1,418.1 | 61.65 | 0.003% | 61.0% |
Papua New Guinea | 1,855.5 | 3,848.0 | 9,572.3 | 11,822.6 | 9,096.8 | 1.00 | 0.017% | 236.4% |
Poland | 486,545.0 | 514,613.2 | 412,029.3 | 413,802.9 | 400,823.8 | 10.62 | 0.745% | 77.9% |
Puerto Rico | 30,654.0 | 21,711.0 | 28,585.5 | 13,997.8 | 15,264.6 | 4.19 | 0.028% | 70.3% |
North Korea | 100,088.1 | 169,836.3 | 113,563.2 | 83,986.8 | 81,292.5 | 3.12 | 0.151% | 47.9% |
Portugal | 29,951.0 | 59,464.8 | 84,117.7 | 72,188.8 | 59,712.5 | 5.88 | 0.111% | 100.4% |
Paraguay | 10,660.8 | 21,379.8 | 26,632.5 | 43,237.1 | 45,565.3 | 6.30 | 0.085% | 213.1% |
French Polynesia | 213.1 | 960.6 | 1,150.1 | 1,189.0 | 1,122.1 | 3.82 | 0.002% | 116.8% |
Qatar | 24,294.5 | 29,080.7 | 83,445.5 | 190,788.4 | 194,652.1 | 67.38 | 0.362% | 669.4% |
Réunion | 492.2 | 1,163.1 | 2,757.1 | 3,056.7 | 3,147.2 | 3.46 | 0.006% | 270.6% |
Romania | 180,720.4 | 245,773.6 | 140,123.3 | 121,013.0 | 117,061.0 | 6.10 | 0.218% | 47.6% |
Russia | 1,910,915.8 | 3,053,150.2 | 2,221,772.8 | 2,339,248.0 | 2,579,798.1 | 17.99 | 4.796% | 84.5% |
Rwanda | 4,348.3 | 6,219.8 | 5,541.3 | 8,107.1 | 9,031.8 | 0.66 | 0.017% | 145.2% |
Saudi Arabia | 76,320.0 | 238,391.2 | 466,493.6 | 774,572.6 | 810,511.6 | 22.64 | 1.507% | 340.0% |
Serbia and Montenegro | 46,143.1 | 85,526.3 | 76,987.7 | 71,887.6 | 69,945.0 | 7.54 | 0.130% | 81.8% |
Sudan | 38,913.6 | 62,644.9 | 116,451.2 | 137,089.8 | 146,955.4 | 2.42 | 0.273% | 234.6% |
Senegal | 8,020.5 | 10,461.7 | 16,956.3 | 25,916.8 | 30,614.5 | 1.69 | 0.057% | 292.6% |
Singapore | 7,648.1 | 34,203.2 | 51,214.0 | 70,398.0 | 70,469.5 | 11.67 | 0.131% | 206.0% |
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | 3.9 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 18.6 | 20.3 | 5.08 | 0.000% | 186.6% |
Solomon Islands | 137.1 | 272.5 | 491.6 | 587.0 | 593.8 | 0.88 | 0.001% | 217.9% |
Sierra Leone | 3,206.2 | 4,069.3 | 5,002.0 | 7,007.8 | 7,123.1 | 0.85 | 0.013% | 175.0% |
El Salvador | 5,963.3 | 7,777.1 | 13,029.3 | 11,956.5 | 13,073.9 | 2.00 | 0.024% | 168.1% |
Somalia | 18,707.2 | 25,345.4 | 30,342.4 | 30,973.5 | 33,358.2 | 1.95 | 0.062% | 131.6% |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 41.7 | 93.9 | 28.2 | 41.1 | 44.1 | 6.30 | 0.000% | 47.0% |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 40.8 | 86.6 | 159.5 | 235.3 | 262.4 | 1.16 | 0.000% | 302.9% |
Suriname | 2,075.4 | 1,922.3 | 2,648.0 | 3,647.6 | 4,500.3 | 7.67 | 0.008% | 234.1% |
Slovakia | 57,919.2 | 74,712.0 | 52,151.8 | 47,439.5 | 45,564.2 | 8.36 | 0.085% | 61.0% |
Slovenia | 14,808.8 | 21,426.1 | 23,667.6 | 20,091.2 | 18,275.8 | 8.78 | 0.034% | 85.3% |
Sweden | 116,237.4 | 79,214.7 | 81,440.1 | 66,114.4 | 60,636.8 | 5.91 | 0.113% | 76.5% |
Eswatini | 1,896.5 | 3,345.0 | 3,369.5 | 3,089.8 | 3,386.9 | 2.28 | 0.006% | 101.3% |
Seychelles | 135.4 | 330.3 | 1,051.0 | 1,188.0 | 1,199.4 | 12.36 | 0.002% | 363.1% |
Syria | 15,921.6 | 64,097.8 | 89,637.4 | 44,949.1 | 46,311.8 | 2.26 | 0.086% | 72.3% |
Turks and Caicos Islands | 5.2 | 10.7 | 44.3 | 95.2 | 100.7 | 2.65 | 0.000% | 941.7% |
Chad | 9,097.3 | 11,136.4 | 36,548.1 | 70,226.4 | 89,837.3 | 5.21 | 0.167% | 806.7% |
Togo | 1,995.3 | 3,568.7 | 6,063.7 | 8,914.3 | 11,087.6 | 1.26 | 0.021% | 310.7% |
Thailand | 120,386.0 | 221,898.5 | 381,183.0 | 449,459.5 | 463,874.7 | 6.67 | 0.862% | 209.0% |
Tajikistan | 13,292.8 | 22,325.1 | 12,080.8 | 18,351.3 | 22,833.6 | 2.32 | 0.042% | 102.3% |
Turkmenistan | 45,078.1 | 86,640.9 | 100,266.1 | 123,127.1 | 128,919.2 | 20.80 | 0.240% | 148.8% |
Timor-Leste | 715.3 | 595.1 | 2,041.0 | 3,135.5 | 2,475.7 | 1.72 | 0.005% | 416.0% |
Tonga | 79.0 | 189.2 | 237.8 | 296.1 | 284.1 | 2.51 | 0.001% | 150.2% |
Trinidad and Tobago | 9,436.7 | 18,193.6 | 51,840.4 | 50,988.6 | 45,910.9 | 33.27 | 0.085% | 252.3% |
Tunisia | 10,853.5 | 23,923.2 | 36,498.6 | 43,521.0 | 49,820.1 | 4.11 | 0.093% | 208.3% |
Turkey | 102,477.4 | 228,085.7 | 336,515.3 | 597,556.5 | 687,526.3 | 8.09 | 1.278% | 301.4% |
Taiwan | 54,468.2 | 140,576.5 | 332,140.0 | 319,322.7 | 307,682.3 | 12.86 | 0.572% | 218.9% |
Tanzania | 21,126.2 | 31,170.0 | 50,948.7 | 77,561.5 | 89,378.4 | 1.34 | 0.166% | 286.7% |
Uganda | 13,213.2 | 18,452.4 | 28,496.1 | 46,922.5 | 56,490.4 | 1.12 | 0.105% | 306.1% |
Ukraine | 651,144.0 | 952,140.0 | 444,000.5 | 280,727.8 | 208,606.9 | 4.84 | 0.388% | 21.9% |
Uruguay | 29,122.0 | 29,648.8 | 38,125.1 | 41,091.9 | 41,907.8 | 11.91 | 0.078% | 141.3% |
United States | 5,750,029.6 | 6,163,741.6 | 7,101,881.2 | 6,110,706.4 | 6,017,443.0 | 17.90 | 11.188% | 97.6% |
Uzbekistan | 109,995.2 | 177,173.0 | 191,579.3 | 203,018.8 | 227,206.7 | 6.67 | 0.422% | 128.2% |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 55.7 | 87.9 | 127.8 | 170.9 | 154.6 | 1.39 | 0.000% | 175.8% |
Venezuela | 100,657.7 | 166,754.7 | 247,491.0 | 233,864.8 | 169,517.1 | 4.99 | 0.315% | 101.7% |
British Virgin Islands | 9.2 | 21.3 | 41.7 | 71.6 | 75.4 | 2.28 | 0.000% | 354.1% |
Vietnam | 94,250.8 | 112,020.8 | 239,899.9 | 386,338.2 | 489,159.2 | 4.88 | 0.909% | 436.7% |
Vanuatu | 297.8 | 479.6 | 563.7 | 637.8 | 585.9 | 1.91 | 0.001% | 122.2% |
Samoa | 169.0 | 301.8 | 441.1 | 592.7 | 548.4 | 2.70 | 0.001% | 181.7% |
Yemen | 5,959.3 | 18,241.6 | 45,378.7 | 31,807.1 | 38,006.0 | 1.20 | 0.071% | 208.3% |
South Africa | 243,936.9 | 411,937.7 | 555,478.1 | 602,773.4 | 534,531.7 | 8.91 | 0.994% | 129.8% |
Zambia | 12,784.9 | 16,287.4 | 17,321.1 | 27,241.6 | 30,330.6 | 1.53 | 0.056% | 186.2% |
Zimbabwe | 22,245.8 | 35,256.5 | 28,593.1 | 29,174.9 | 30,190.1 | 1.64 | 0.056% | 85.6% |
GLOBAL TOTAL | 24,497,544 | 33,268,121 | 42,318,429 | 51,195,419 | 53,786,039 | 6.76 | 100% | 161.7% |
World – International Aviation | 171,160.5 | 261,804.5 | 423,309.1 | 591,079.3 | 425,963.7 | 0.792% | 162.7% | |
World – International Shipping | 375,583.6 | 394,750.8 | 607,269.9 | 747,849.1 | 750,699.3 | 1.396% | 190.2% |
The scientific community has been investigating the causes of climate change for decades. After thousands of studies, it came to a consensus, where it is "unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land since pre-industrial times." This consensus is supported by around 200 scientific organizations worldwide, The dominant role in this climate change has been played by the direct emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels. Indirect CO2 emissions from land use change, and the emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases play major supporting roles.
Global warming potential (GWP) is an index to measure how much infrared thermal radiation a greenhouse gas would absorb over a given time frame after it has been added to the atmosphere. The GWP makes different greenhouse gases comparable with regard to their "effectiveness in causing radiative forcing". It is expressed as a multiple of the radiation that would be absorbed by the same mass of added carbon dioxide, which is taken as a reference gas. Therefore, the GWP has a value of 1 for CO2. For other gases it depends on how strongly the gas absorbs infrared thermal radiation, how quickly the gas leaves the atmosphere, and the time frame being considered.
The Kyoto Protocol (Japanese: 京都議定書, Hepburn: Kyōto Giteisho) was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There were 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012) to the Protocol in 2020.
An emission intensity is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP). Emission intensities are used to derive estimates of air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount of fuel combusted, the number of animals in animal husbandry, on industrial production levels, distances traveled or similar activity data. Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities. In some case the related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are used interchangeably. The jargon used can be different, for different fields/industrial sectors; normally the term "carbon" excludes other pollutants, such as particulate emissions. One commonly used figure is carbon intensity per kilowatt-hour (CIPK), which is used to compare emissions from different sources of electrical power.
Climate change mitigation (or decarbonisation) is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change. Climate change mitigation actions include conserving energy and replacing fossil fuels with clean energy sources. Secondary mitigation strategies include changes to land use and removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Current climate change mitigation policies are insufficient as they would still result in global warming of about 2.7 °C by 2100, significantly above the 2015 Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to below 2 °C.
A carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas footprint) is a calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount of greenhouse gases that an activity, product, company or country adds to the atmosphere. Carbon footprints are usually reported in tonnes of emissions (CO2-equivalent) per unit of comparison. Such units can be for example tonnes CO2-eq per year, per kilogram of protein for consumption, per kilometer travelled, per piece of clothing and so forth. A product's carbon footprint includes the emissions for the entire life cycle. These run from the production along the supply chain to its final consumption and disposal.
Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF), also referred to as Forestry and other land use (FOLU) or Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), is defined as a "greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use such as settlements and commercial uses, land-use change, and forestry activities."
Greenhouse gas inventories are emission inventories of greenhouse gas emissions that are developed for a variety of reasons. Scientists use inventories of natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions as tools when developing atmospheric models. Policy makers use inventories to develop strategies and policies for emissions reductions and to track the progress of those policies.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide, from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC, of which 484±20 GtC from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.
The United States produced 5.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020, the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and among the countries with the highest greenhouse gas emissions per person. In 2019 China is estimated to have emitted 27% of world GHG, followed by the United States with 11%, then India with 6.6%. In total the United States has emitted a quarter of world GHG, more than any other country. Annual emissions are over 15 tons per person and, amongst the top eight emitters, is the highest country by greenhouse gas emissions per person.
A low-carbon diet is any diet that results in lower greenhouse gas emissions. Choosing a low carbon diet is one facet of developing sustainable diets which increase the long-term sustainability of humanity. Major tenets of a low-carbon diet include eating a plant-based diet, and in particular little or no beef and dairy. Low-carbon diets differ around the world in taste, style, and the frequency they are eaten. Asian countries like India and China feature vegetarian and vegan meals as staples in their diets. In contrast, Europe and North America rely on animal products for their Western diets.
A climate change scenario is a hypothetical future based on a "set of key driving forces". Scenarios explore the long-term effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation. Scenarios help to understand what the future may hold. They can show which decisions will have the most meaningful effects on mitigation and adaptation.
Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) are climate change scenarios to project future greenhouse gas concentrations. These pathways describe future greenhouse gas concentrations and have been formally adopted by the IPCC. The pathways describe different climate change scenarios, all of which were considered possible depending on the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted in the years to come. The four RCPs – originally RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5 – are labelled after a possible range of radiative forcing values in the year 2100. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) began to use these four pathways for climate modeling and research in 2014. The higher values mean higher greenhouse gas emissions and therefore higher global surface temperatures and more pronounced effects of climate change. The lower RCP values, on the other hand, are more desirable for humans but would require more stringent climate change mitigation efforts to achieve them.
A carbon budget is a concept used in climate policy to help set emissions reduction targets in a fair and effective way. It examines the "maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given level". It can be expressed relative to the pre-industrial period. In this case, it is the total carbon budget. Or it can be expressed from a recent specified date onwards. In that case it is the remaining carbon budget.
The amount of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture is significant: The agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions come from direct greenhouse gas emissions. And from indirect emissions. With regards to direct emissions, nitrous oxide and methane makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Indirect emissions on the other hand come from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forests into agricultural land. Furthermore, there is also fossil fuel consumption for transport and fertilizer production. For example, the manufacture and use of nitrogen fertilizer contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock farming is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, livestock farming is affected by climate change.
Greenhouse gas emissionsbyRussia are mostly from fossil gas, oil and coal. Russia emits 2 or 3 billion tonnes CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year; about 4% of world emissions. Annual carbon dioxide emissions alone are about 12 tons per person, more than double the world average. Cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore air pollution in Russia, would have health benefits greater than the cost. The country is the world's biggest methane emitter, and 4 billion dollars worth of methane was estimated to leak in 2019/20.