Sustainable Development Goal 13

Last updated
Sustainable Development Goal 13
Sustainable Development Goal 13Climate.svg
Mission statement "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy"
Commercial?No
Type of project Non-Profit
LocationGlobal
Founder United Nations
Established2015
Website sdgs.un.org

Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13 or Global Goal 13) is to limit and adapt to climate change. It is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The official mission statement of this goal is to "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". [1] SDG 13 and SDG 7 on clean energy are closely related and complementary. [2] : 101 

Contents

SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030. They cover a wide range of issues surrounding climate action. The first three targets are outcome targets. The first target is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity towards climate change-related disasters. The second target is to integrate climate change measures into policies and planning. The third target is to build knowledge and capacity. The remaining two targets are means of implementation targets [3] . These include implementing the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management. Along with each target, there are indicators that provide a method to review the overall progress of each target. The UNFCCC is the main intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2°C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) by the end of the century. [4]

As of 2020, many countries are now implementing their national climate change adaptation plans. [5] : 15 

Context

Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years Change in Average Temperature With Fahrenheit.svg
Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years
Change in average surface air temperature since the Industrial Revolution, plus drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability. Global Temperature And Forces With Fahrenheit.svg
Change in average surface air temperature since the Industrial Revolution, plus drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.
Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg
Bleached colony of Acropora coral.jpg
California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg
Some effects of climate change, clockwise from top left: Wildfire intensified by heat and drought, worsening droughts compromising water supplies, and bleaching of coral caused by marine heatwaves

SDG 13 intends to take urgent action in order to combat climate change and its impacts. [9] Many climate change impacts are already felt at the current 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) level of warming. Additional warming will increase these impacts and can trigger tipping points, such as the melting of the Greenland ice sheet. [10] Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2 °C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) by the end of the century. [4]

Reducing emissions requires generating electricity from low-carbon sources rather than burning fossil fuels. This change includes phasing out coal and natural gas fired power plants, vastly increasing use of wind, solar, and other types of renewable energy, and reducing energy use. [11]

Targets, indicators and progress

SDG 13 has five targets. The targets include to strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters (Target 13.1), integrate climate change measures into policies and planning (Target 13.2), build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change (Target 13.3), implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Target 13.a), and promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management (Target 13.b). [12]

Each target includes one or more indicators that help to measure and monitor the progress. Some of the indicators are number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (13.1.1) or total greenhouse emissions generated by year (13.2.2.) [12]

World map related to Indicator 13.1.1 in 2017: Internally displaced persons from natural disasters Internally displaced persons from natural disasters, OWID.svg
World map related to Indicator 13.1.1 in 2017: Internally displaced persons from natural disasters
World map related to Indicator 13.1.2 in 2018. The map shows the number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png
World map related to Indicator 13.1.2 in 2018. The map shows the number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.

The full text of Target 13.1 is: "Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries". [1]

This target has 3 indicators. [13]

Indicator 13.1.2 serves as a bridge between the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. [15]

In April 2020, the number of countries and territories that adopted national disaster risk reduction strategies increased to 118 compared to 48 from the first year of the Sendai Framework. [16]

Average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita measured in tonnes per year CO2 emissions per capita, OWID.svg
Average carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per capita measured in tonnes per year

Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning

The full text of Target 13.2 is: "Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning". [1]

This target has two indicators:

In order to stay under 1.5 °C of global warming, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from G20 countries need to decline by about 45% by 2030 and attain net zero in 2050. [18] To be able to meet the 1.5 °C or even 2 °C, which is the maximum set by the Paris Agreement, greenhouse gas emissions must start to fall by 7.6% per year starting on 2020. [19] However, there is a large gap between these overall temperature targets and the nationally determined contributions set by individual countries. [19] Between 2000 and 2018, greenhouse gas emissions of transition economies and developed countries have declined by 6.5%. In contrast, developing countries saw their emissions go up by 43% between 2000 and 2013. [19]

As of 2015, 170 countries are a part of at least one multilateral environmental agreement, [20] with each year having an increase in the number of countries signing onto environmental agreements.

Carbon dioxide emissions by sector Carbon dioxide emissions by sector, OWID.svg
Carbon dioxide emissions by sector

Target 13.3: Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change

The full text of Target 13.3 is: "Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning". [1]

This target has two indicators: [13]

The indicator 13.3.1 measures the extent to which countries mainstream Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in their education systems and educational policies. [21]

The indicator 13.3.2 identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The goal by 2030 is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries. [13]

To explain the concept of "Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship seeks to equip learners with the knowledge of how their choices impact others and their immediate environment. [22]

There is currently no data available for this indicator as of September 2020. [13]

Target 13.a: Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

World map for Indicator 13.A.1: Green Climate Fund mobilization of $100 billion, 2018 Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png
World map for Indicator 13.A.1: Green Climate Fund mobilization of $100 billion, 2018

The full text of Target 13.a is: "Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible." [1]

This target only has one indicator: Indicator 13.a is the "Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025". [23]

Previously, the indicator was worded as "Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year between 2020 and 2025 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment". [23]

This indicator measures the current pledged commitments from countries to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars (USD) per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the US$100 billion commitment to 2025. [13]

A report by the UN stated in 2020 that the financial flows for global climate finance as well as for renewable energy are "relatively small in relation to the scale of annual investment needed for a low-carbon, climate-resilient transition". [5] : 15 

Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management

This indicator identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Score of adoption and implementation of national strategies in line with Sendai framework, OWID.svg
This indicator identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

The full text of Target 13.b is: "Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change." [1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 13.b.1 is the "Number of least developed countries and small island developing states with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".

A previous version of this indicator was: "Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing states that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities." [23] This indicator's previous focus on women, youth and local and marginalized communities is not included anymore in the latest version of the indicator.

Annual UN reports are monitoring how many countries are implementing national adaptation plans. [5] : 15 

Custodian agencies

Custodian agencies are in charge of reporting on the following indicators: [25]

Monitoring

High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General. [5] Updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations [26] and at Our World in Data. [27]

Challenges

Climate migration

SDG 13 does not make an explicit connection between nations most vulnerable to climate change and increased migration flows (climate migration), and thus underplays the opportunity to protect or acknowledge the adaptive role played by mobile populations. [28] Millions of people are displaced internally or internationally by weather-related disasters. Rather than harnessing the potential of such interactions, the state-oriented nature of the targets and current indicators associated with SDG 13 implicitly sidesteps migration. SDG 13 could monitor regulations across countries for government-led relocation of communities (such relocation is likely to become more widespread into the future). [28]

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a reduction in economic activity. [19] [29] This resulted in a 6% drop in greenhouse gas emissions from what was initially projected for 2020, however these improvements were only temporary. [30] Greenhouse gas emissions rebounded later in the pandemic as many countries began lifting restrictions, with the direct impact of pandemic policies having a negligible long-term impact on climate change. [31] A rebound in transport pollution has occurred since restrictions of government lockdown policies have been lifted. [32] Transport pollution accounts for roughly 21% of global carbon emissions due to it being still 95% dependent on oil. [33]

Post pandemic, there is a rush for governments globally to stimulate local economies by putting money towards fossil fuel production and in turn economic stimulation. [34] Funding for economic policies will likely divert the emergency funds usually afforded to climate funding like The Green Climate Fund and other sustainable policies, unless an emphasis is put on green deals in the redirection of monetary funds. [35] [36] [37]

A publication from 2022 described how the COVID-19 pandemic had negative impacts on achieving SDG 13 and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) processes. [38] The activities of personnel working in climate-related sectors were impaired by the pandemic due to a sudden halt in face-to-face climate-related meetings and a decline in personal communications. Furthermore, the negative influence of the pandemic also included postponing climate actions and delaying or suspending some planned deliverables. Scientists from developing countries were more affected by the pandemic than those from developed societies due to low-quality communication infrastructure and more working-time demands. The focus on the pandemic also led, to some extent, to less funding for climate works. [38]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting trade sanctions had a further adverse effect on SDG 13, as some countries responded to the crisis by increasing domestic oil production. [39]

Sustainable Development Goal 13 can connect with the other 16 SDGs. For example, increasing access to sustainable energy (SDG 7) will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. [2] : 101  Combating climate change can improve agricultural yield which will lead to zero hunger ( SDG 2 ) [40]

Organizations

United Nations organizations

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</span> International environmental treaty

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an international treaty among countries to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It was signed in 1992 by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro. The treaty entered into force on 21 March 1994. "UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in Bonn, Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paris Agreement</span> International treaty on climate change

The Paris Agreement is an international treaty on climate change that was signed in 2016. The treaty covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris, France. As of February 2023, 195 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the three UNFCCC member states which have not ratified the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran. The United States withdrew from the agreement in 2020, but rejoined in 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goals</span> United Nations goals for people for 2030

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global objectives established by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. These goals aim to address a broad range of interconnected global challenges, including poverty eradication, environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic growth, under the guiding principle of "leaving no one behind." Designed to replace the Millennium Development Goals, the SDGs apply universally to all countries, irrespective of their development status, and seek to promote peace, prosperity, and the health of the planet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nationally determined contribution</span> Component of international climate change agreements

The nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are commitments that countries make to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions as part of climate change mitigation. These commitments include the necessary policies and measures for achieving the global targets set out in the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in global surface temperature to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels. The treaty also states that preferably the limit of the increase should only be 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). To achieve this temperature goal, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced as soon as, and by as much as, possible. To stay below 1.5 °C of global warming, emissions need to be cut by roughly 50% by 2030. This figure takes into account each country's documented pledges or NDCs.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030) is an international document that was adopted by the United Nations (UN) member states between 14 and 18 March 2015 at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Japan, and endorsed by the UN General Assembly in June 2015. It is the successor agreement to the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015), which had been the most encompassing international accord to date on disaster risk reduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Action for Climate Empowerment</span>

Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It refers to Article 6 of the Convention's original text (1992), focusing on six priority areas: education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information, and international cooperation on these issues. The implementation of all six areas has been identified as the pivotal factor for everyone to understand and participate in solving the complex challenges presented by climate change. The importance of ACE is reflected in other international frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals ; the Global Action Programme for Education for Sustainable Development ; the Aarhus Convention (2011); the Escazú Agreement (2018) and the Bali Guidelines (2010).

Ecosystem-based adaptation encompasses a broad set of approaches to adapt to climate change. They all involve the management of ecosystems and their services to reduce the vulnerability of human communities to the impacts of climate change. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines EBA as "the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 15</span> 15th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to protect life on land

Sustainable Development Goal 15 is about "Life on land". One of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015, the official wording is: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss". The Goal has 12 targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards targets will be measured by 14 indicators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 14</span> 14th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to conserve life below water

Sustainable Development Goal 14 is about "Life below water" and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is to "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development". The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards each target is being measured with one indicator each.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 17</span> Sustainable Development Goal by the UN

Sustainable Development Goal 17 is about "partnerships for the goals." One of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015, the official wording is: "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development". SDG 17 refers to the need for the nonhegemonic and fair cross sector and cross country collaborations in pursuit of all the goals by the year 2030. It is a call for countries to align policies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 12</span> 12th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to ensure responsible consumption and production

Sustainable Development Goal 12, titled "responsible consumption and production", is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording of SDG 12 is "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns". SDG 12 is meant to ensure good use of resources, improve energy efficiency and sustainable infrastructure, provide access to basic services, create green and decent jobs, and ensure a better quality of life for all. SDG 12 has 11 targets to be achieved by at least 2030, and progress towards the targets is measured using 13 indicators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 11</span> 11th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals for sustainable cities

Sustainable Development Goal 11, titled "sustainable cities and communities", is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The official mission of SDG 11 is to "Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable". The 17 SDGs take into account that action in one area will affect outcomes in other areas as well, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 8</span> Global goal to promote decent work and economic growth by 2030

Sustainable Development Goal 8 is about "decent work and economic growth" and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals which were established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The full title is to "Foster sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all." Progress towards targets will be measured, monitored and evaluated by 17 indicators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 3</span> SDG 3-Good Health and Well-Being

Sustainable Development Goal 3, regarding "Good Health and Well-being", is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is: "To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages." The targets of SDG 3 focus on various aspects of healthy life and healthy lifestyle. Progress towards the targets is measured using twenty-one indicators. SDG 3 aims to achieve universal health coverage and equitable access of healthcare services to all men and women. It proposes to end the preventable death of newborns, infants and children under five and end epidemics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 2</span> Global goal to end hunger by 2030

Sustainable Development Goal 2 aims to achieve "zero hunger". It is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture". SDG 2 highlights the "complex inter-linkages between food security, nutrition, rural transformation and sustainable agriculture". According to the United Nations, there were up to 757 million people facing hunger in 2023 – one out of 11 people in the world, which accounts for slightly less than 10 percent of the world population. One in every nine people goes to bed hungry each night, including 20 million people currently at risk of famine in South Sudan, Somalia, Yemen and Nigeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 1</span> First of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to end global poverty

Sustainable Development Goal 1, one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015, calls for the end of poverty in all forms. The official wording is: "No Poverty". Member countries have pledged to "Leave No One Behind": underlying the goal is a "powerful commitment to leave no one behind and to reach those farthest behind first".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria</span> Set of 17 global development goals defined by the United Nations for the year 2030

Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria is about how Nigeria is implementing the Sustainable Development Goals within the thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of seventeen global goals designed as a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all". Each of the 17 goals is expected to be achieved by 2030 in every country around the world.

Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon explains major contributions launched in Lebanon towards the advancement of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs and the 2030 agenda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disability and climate change</span>

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) are connected through their common goals of addressing global challenges and promoting sustainable development through policies and international cooperation.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
  2. 1 2 IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO (2019), Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2019, Washington DC (on Tracking SDG 7 website)
  3. ↑ Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara (December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation". npj Clean Water. 1 (1): 3. Bibcode:2018npjCW...1....3B. doi: 10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 . S2CID   169226066. CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  4. 1 2 United Nations Environment Programme 2021 , p. 36: "A continuation of the effort implied by the latest unconditional NDCs and announced pledges is at present estimated to result in warming of about 2.7 °C (range: 2.2–3.2 °C) with a 66 per cent chance."
  5. 1 2 3 4 United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020
  6. ↑ "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)". NASA. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  7. ↑ IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 , SPM-7
  8. Ivanova, Irina (June 2, 2022). "California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years". CBS News.
  9. ↑ "Goal 13: Climate Action - SDG Tracker". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  10. ↑ IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021 , p. 71
  11. ↑ M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022: Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002.
  12. 1 2 "Goal 13 Climate Action". The Global Goals for Sustainable Development. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser, Jaiden Mispy, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 13) SDG-Tracker.org, website CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  14. 1 2 3 "Goal 13 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  15. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Stats" (PDF). Unite Nations Metadata 13.1.2. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  16. ↑ "Goal 13 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  17. ↑ "Per capita CO₂ emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  18. ↑ "Report of the Secretary General on the 2019 Climate Action Summit and the way Forward in 2020" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "SDG Report 2020". UN Stats. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  20. ↑ "Goal 13: Climate Action - SDG Tracker". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  21. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Stats, SDG 13, Target 3" (PDF). United Nations Stats. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  22. ↑ Goal 13, Indicator 13.31. "sustainable development goals".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. 1 2 3 "SDG Indicator changes (15 October 2018 and onward) - current to 17 April 2020" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  24. ↑ "Score of adoption and implementation of national strategies in line with Sendai framework". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  25. ↑ "United Nations (2018) Economic and Social Council, Conference of European Statisticians, Geneva," (PDF). United Nations (SDG 13) Custodian Agencies"" (PDF). UNECE. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Goal 6 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 2020-09-02.
  27. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data.
  28. 1 2 Adger, W Neil; Boyd, Emily; Fábos, Anita; Fransen, Sonja; Jolivet, Dominique; Neville, George; de Campos, Ricardo Safra; Vijge, Marjanneke J (2019). "Migration transforms the conditions for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals". The Lancet Planetary Health. 3 (11): e440–e442. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30213-X . hdl: 10871/40121 . PMID   31777332. CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  29. ↑ "Fall in COVID-linked carbon emissions won't halt climate change - UN weather agency chief". United Nations. United Nations News. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  30. ↑ United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs (2020). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. United Nations. ISBN   978-92-1-101425-9. OCLC   1191239852.
  31. ↑ Tollefson J (January 2021). "COVID curbed carbon emissions in 2020 - but not by much". Nature. 589 (7842): 343. Bibcode:2021Natur.589..343T. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00090-3. PMID   33452515. S2CID   231622354.
  32. ↑ Helm, Dieter (May 2020). "The Environmental Impacts of the Coronavirus". Environmental and Resource Economics. 76 (1): 21–38. Bibcode:2020EnREc..76...21H. doi:10.1007/s10640-020-00426-z. ISSN   0924-6460. PMC   7204192 . PMID   32382212.
  33. ↑ Brand, Christian (10 November 2021). "Seven reasons global transport is so hard to decarbonise". The Conversation. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  34. ↑ "Carbon emissions to soar in 2021 by second highest rate in history". The Guardian. 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  35. ↑ Naidoo, Robin; Fisher, Brendan (July 2020). "Reset Sustainable Development Goals for a pandemic world". Nature. 583 (7815): 198–201. Bibcode:2020Natur.583..198N. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01999-x . ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   32632244. S2CID   220376783.
  36. ↑ Yoshino, Naoyuki; Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad; Otsuka, Miyu (July 2020). "Covid-19 and Optimal Portfolio Selection for Investment in Sustainable Development Goals". Finance Research Letters. 38: 101695. doi:10.1016/j.frl.2020.101695. PMC   7354763 . PMID   32837379.
  37. ↑ Markard, Jochen; Rosenbloom, Daniel (2020-12-10). "A tale of two crises: COVID-19 and climate". Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy. 16 (1): 53–60. Bibcode:2020SSPP...16...53M. doi: 10.1080/15487733.2020.1765679 . hdl: 20.500.11850/429176 . ISSN   1548-7733. S2CID   225015869.
  38. 1 2 Filho, Walter Leal; Hickmann, Thomas; Nagy, Gustavo J.; Pinho, Patricia; Sharifi, Ayyoob; Minhas, Aprajita; Islam, M Rezaul; Djalanti, Riyanti; García Vinuesa, Antonio; Abubakar, Ismaila Rimi (2022). "The Influence of the Corona Virus Pandemic on Sustainable Development Goal 13 and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Processes". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 10. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.784466 . hdl: 20.500.12008/41669 . ISSN   2296-665X. CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  39. ↑ "The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  40. ↑ "Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture — SDG Indicators". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  41. ↑ "About the Secretariat - What is the purpose of the Secretariat?". United Nations Climate Change. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  42. ↑ "About the IPCC". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  43. ↑ "Conferences of the Parties (COP)". UNFCCC. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  44. ↑ "About us". World Meteorological Organisation WMO. 27 November 2015. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  45. ↑ "UN Habitat, About us - Sustainable Development Goals". UN - Habitat. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  46. ↑ "United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) established". Environmental and Society Portal. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  47. ↑ "About GCF". Green Climate Fund. 18 February 2021.
  48. ↑ "A Liveable Planet for Every Child | UNICEF". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2024-07-12.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.