Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon

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Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon explains major contributions launched in Lebanon towards the advancement of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs and the 2030 agenda.

Contents

Lebanon adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. It presented its first Voluntary National Review VNR in 2018 at the High Level Political Forum in New York. A national committee chaired by the Lebanese Prime Minister is leading the work on the SDGs in the country. [1] In 2019, Lebanon's overall performance in the SDG Index ranked 6th out of 21 countries in the Arab region. [2]

Multi-stakeholder forums were held by different UN agencies including the UN Global Compact Network in Lebanon during the late 2010s for the advancement of Global Goals and their Impact on Businesses in Lebanon. The latest two were held in October 2018 and October 2019 under the title of connecting the global goals to Local Businesses. [3]

Background

Flag of Lebanon Flag of Lebanon.svg
Flag of Lebanon
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals.png
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainable Development Prioritized Goals

Lebanon has always faced different challenges in terms of creating a clear vision plan that would develop and advance policy to improve the SDG implementation strategy. [4] However, there are developmental attempts by The United Nations Global Compact to lead impactful initiatives to integrate best SDG practices on terms of advancing the private sector bto meet up with 2030 Agenda expectations. [5]

Lebanese Contributions to SDG Agenda

Lebanon has been a lively participant in the process associated with the SDGs. Initially, it contributed to the report back presented in the UN Conference on Sustainable Development. Lebanon has also been part of the national consultations to produce inputs during the formulation of the SDGs, and so participated within the summits referring to sustainable development and therefore the SDGs. Lebanon endorsed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and also the SDGs in September 2015. [6]

In 2015, there was a global call to advance leadership attention on poverty, inequality, and the climate change crisis. For this to happen, on 25 September 2015 world leaders assembled at the United Nations headquarters in New York, to adopt the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development replacing MDGs.

In this 2030 Agenda,  17 new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were listed to act as a guided path for the upcoming  15 years to make the world a better place for anyone, anywhere. [7]

Lebanon’s showed a complex performance indicator regarding MDGs. Hence, Lebanon has been a target for development challenges on all levels, social economical, and environmental. The Syrian crisis increased the severity of the challenges. [8]

There was no actual improvement on the level of bringing to light the need for a national developmental strategy to enhance SDG status in Lebanon all way through 2016. Adding to this, the originally found issue linked to the Syrian crisis impact on the wellbeing of the country prevented further infrastructure advancement. [9]

War Damaged Building in Beirut Beirut old.jpg
War Damaged Building in Beirut

Lebanon and the Millennium Development Goals

In 2000, the United Nations General Assembly embraced the Millennium Declaration, setting eight worldwide targets – the Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by 2015. The MDGs targeted different critical issues from poverty and education to the private sector's enrollment in the country's advancement. [10] Lebanon submitted two reports on the Millennium Development Goals, in 2003 and 2008 respectively. The second report made eight recommendations, which included the need to create a private-public partnership for health, the promotion of the ICT sector as an economy driver, promote development finance and facilitate favorable market access for Lebanese goods and WTO accession. [11]

Since then, Lebanon has been in turmoil following multiple events resulting in political and security instability. The 2006 war damaged infrastructure and public services and caused the contamination of agricultural lands, and the coastal sea due to a large oil spill. The hostilities resulted caused the death of 1200 civilians and injured around 5000 people, 15% of whom are now with permanent disabilities. [11] The war's toll on the Lebanese economy, communities and human capital, impacted progress on the MDGs.

On June 5, 2012, leading up to the world summit, the President of the Republic of Lebanon addressed the people calling for a "conscience awakening". He acclaimed that the Rio+20 summit is a "milestone on the path that we took in re-placing Lebanon on the international map and stressing on its civilizational and cultural status in the world." His call to action was around making Lebanon a country of freedom and coexistence but most importantly, development. [12]

Later on in 2013, 5 key priorities were identified during focus groups and national consultations. First, the country needed basic services mainly in the areas of health and education. Second, there was a major need for good governance and political reforms to tackle corruption and sectarian politics. It was also essential to advance structural reforms such as the secularization of the state and the adoption of a sound electoral law that secures the equitable representation of all the Lebanese and the creation of a culture of citizenship. The third major priority was around peace building and conflict prevention. The fourth one was about the enhancement of the infrastructure and public transportation and finally the fifth priority was about inclusive growth and job creation. [13]

Lebanon and the Sustainable Development Goals

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by all United Nations Member States back in 2015. [14] The SDGs are a set of 17 global goals to transform our world. They are an urgent call for action addressed by and for all countries for a global partnership. The SDGs span across different developmental areas including poverty, equality, education, economic growth and more. The 2030 agenda has 160 targets and 230 indicators. [15]

In September 2015, Lebanon endorsed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the SDGs. A ESCWA report, prepared in cooperation with the Lebanese Ministry of Environment in early 2015, identified six sustainable development priorities for Lebanon.

The report noted that these priorities are aligned with the SDGs, particularly SDG 7 (energy), SDG 8 (growth and employment), SDG 9 and SDG 11 (infrastructure and cities), SDG 10 (inequality), SDG 15 (ecosystems) and SDG 16 (institutions). [16]

Reporting Platforms

National Government's Data Reporting Platform on the SDG indicators

The Lebanese government established an institutional mechanism to give stakeholders the opportunity to participate in the SDG reporting process. There is also a national committee established by the council of ministers for the SDGs. This committee is chaired by the prime minister and includes more than 50 state officials. [17] The committee has launched a website dedicated to the present the progress of this national committee towards achieving the 2030 Agenda. [18]

There is also a legislative institutional mechanism to monitor the SDGs within the Lebanese parliament. Ministries are also taking into consideration the integration of the SDGs within their planning such as the ministry of public health or industry. [17]

Summary of some projects and initiatives led by the Lebanese Government to support the SDGs [19]
Representative Organization\BodyInitiatives\Projects
SDG1 The Ministry of Social AffairsNational Poverty Targeting Program (NPTP) Project
SDG 2 Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Economy and Trade

  • Strategy 2015–2019 [20] promoting principles of good governance
  • The Investment Development Authority of Lebanon, IDAL [21]
  • Agricultural loans for farmers by the Central Bank
  • Governmental monetary control over wheat bread prices
SDG 3 Ministry of Public HealthIntegrating SDG targets and indicators within its structural framework
SDG 4 Lebanese governmentAdopting the strategy of equal educational opportunities for all
SDG 5 Lebanese Government
  • NCLW's Strategy for Women's Affairs in Lebanon 2011–2021
  • A ten–year strategy to empower women [22]
SDG 6 Lebanese GovernmentUpdating water resource supplies and protecting wastewater networks
SDG 7 Council of MinistersA 5 Year strategy to enhance the electricity sector [23]
SDG 8 Ministry of Economy and TradeLebanon SME Strategy: A roadmap to 2020 [24]
SDG 9 Ministry of IndustryIntegrating the vision of a better Lebanese industry by 2025
SDG 10 Ministry of Public Health

Ministry of Labour

  • Social protection policies and health insurance
  • A five-year intensive strategy with the support of ILO
SDG 11 The Ministry of State for PlanningImproving a national urban Strategy and the ‘Habitat III National Report for Lebanon’ [25]
SDG 12 The Ministries of Environment and IndustryLebanon's Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and Production for the Industrial Sector in 2015 [26]
SDG 13 Council of MinistersLebanon signed the Paris Agreement in 2016 which was under study until further time period
SDG 14 Council for Development and ReconstructionNational Physical Master Plan of the Lebanese Territory
SDG 15 Lebanese government
  • National Action Plan to Combat Desertification
  • National Afforestation and Reforestation Programme and the 40 Million Trees Programme
SDG 16 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants collaborating with EUDrafting a national counter terrorism strategy
SDG 17 Lebanese and French GovernmentsLebanon - CEDRE Conference (6 April 2018) [27]

Performance

Voluntary National Reviews

2018 Voluntary National Review

Lebanon presented its first Voluntary National Review (VNR) at the UN High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) in 2018. [28]

The VNR highlighted the importance of public-private-partnerships in the Lebanese economy and the need for SDG financing and private sector mobilization. The Syrian refugee crisis and its impact on public services and the economy has made the implementation of the 2030 Agenda very challenging. [17]

The VNR was prepared by an independent national committee chaired by the Prime Minister. Workshops, meetings, and consultation sessions were conducted with national stakeholders. [29]

The VNR introduced the present conjuncture of the SDG implementation in Lebanon in the areas where the agreement with the 2030 agenda is still fragile or absent.

Lebanon used a certain methodology to write the VNR. The collection of data from primary resources, included extensive consultation with key ministries, parliament, and other state entities, was done as a first step. A survey consisting of short questions was also sent to all relevant public-sector administrations to gather facts and details on national policies and strategies related to the SDGs. Moreover, three workshops with government representatives, business sector, and civil society took place. Twenty-three interviews with individual stakeholders including academia were performed. [17] The second step consisted of a review of secondary sources including sectoral strategies, ministry reports, plans and legislations. Thematic publications as well as reports by UN agencies and well-established international organizations were also used.

SDG Index

In 2020, Lebanon's overall performance in the SDG Index ranked 95th out of 166 countries. Lebanon scored 66.7 [30]

Assessment in 2020 - SDG Dashboard [30]
SDGStatusSDG Trends
SDG 1AchievedOn track or maintaining SDG achievement
SDG 2Major Challenges RemainStagnating
SDG 3Significant Challenges RemainModerately improving
SDG 4Significant challenges remainStagnating
SDG 5Major Challenges RemainStagnating
SDG 6Significant challenges remainModerately improving
SDG 7Challenges remainModerately improving
SDG 8Major Challenges RemainStagnating
SDG 9Significant challenges remainModerately improving
SDG 10Significant challenges remainInformation unavailable
SDG 11Significant challenges remainDecreasing
SDG 12Significant Challenges RemainInformation unavailable
SDG 13Challenges RemainOn track or maintaining SDG achievement
SDG 14Major Challenges RemainStagnating
SDG 15Significant Challenges remainStagnating
SDG 16Significant Challenges RemainStagnating
SDG 17Significant challenges remainDecreasing

Private Sector

SDGs implementation and the private sector

Notably, the private sector in Lebanon plays a vital contribution to the overall development of the country. As stated in   “Together towards Sustainable Development” a project implemented by The UNDP Lebanon they reported that the private sector has that ability and power to advance the country's status towards SDG developmental  initiatives that has a positive effect over all other SDGs mainly SDG9. [31] The private sector represents 80 percent of Lebanon's GDP. The major contributing sections are baking and finance, construction, trade and tourism. [32] As such, the private sector is a key player for the overall strategy of the Lebanese government by providing investments and reinforcing public services through partnerships with the private sector. In 2013, a draft law on public-private partnerships (PPPs) was launched by the Higher Council on Privatization. [32]

In 2012, UNDP launched the “Strategy for Working with the Private Sector”, to advance sustainable human development by engaging the private section and support "appropriate inclusive market-based solutions and approaches.” [33] The strategy explains that UNDP will be working with the private on two different fronts. First, UNDP will "act as an incubator" for the development of private sector projects on national and regional levels, thus contributing to SDG 8, economic growth. Second, UNDP will promote private sector engagement advancing the 10 principles of the UN Global Compact. Examples of partnerships with the private sector include technical and financial assistance, resource transfer, facilitating innovative private investments and advocacy.

Making Global Goals Middle East Forum - Lebanon, 2019. Making Global Goals Middle East - Lebanon .jpg
Making Global Goals Middle East Forum - Lebanon, 2019.

The main platform that groups corporate sustainability initiatives in Lebanon is the local chapter of the UN Global Compact. The compact advances the 10 principles of the UN Global Compact and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals at the country level. The main mission of the local network is to build a strong understanding of responsible business and highlight sustainability commitments and efforts of Lebanese businesses and other stakeholders such as NGOs, organizations and academia. The compact works on capacity building by mainstreaming a principle-based approach to the SDGs and provide good business practices to lead the way.

The UN Global Compact Network Lebanon advances the UN Global Compact initiatives, the Ten Principles, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the country level. Its purpose is to build understanding of responsible business practices among Lebanese businesses and facilitate engagement with NGOs, government, academia and other businesses. [34] The compact organizes local workshops, conferences and forums around the 17 SDGs including Lebanon Collaboration for the SDGs and Making Global Goals Local Business Middle-East.

Implementation and Progress

SDG 1: No Poverty

In Lebanon, initiatives are implemented to support the poorest and most vulnerable communities. However, Lebanon is suffering regardless all the efforts being made. In this sense, many remain below the poverty line and risk being left behind. Considering some statistical facts, 27% of Lebanese are considered poor, spending less than $270 per month. In 2015, 70% of Syrian refugees in Lebanon spent less than $120 a month, 65% of Palestine refugees in Lebanon spent less than $210 a month and 90% of Palestine refugees from Syria spent less than $80 a month. [10]

SDG 2 : Zero Hunger

The issue in Lebanon regarding this goal is not about sufficiency of good food but the lack of its accessibility to everyone. For this, considering the statistical indicators, 16.5% of children under 5 years old in are stunted, meaning they are not developing properly due to malnutrition. About 11% of Lebanese, 93% of Syrian refugees, 62% of Palestine refugees in Lebanon, and 94% of Palestine refugees from Syria cannot meet their basic food needs. [10]

SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing

Lebanon has witnessed important advances that increased life expectancy and reducing some of the common killers such as coronary heart disease and respiratory diseases, and in improving access to quality health services. But, there are a lot of efforts in progress to improve the population’s health and ensure affordable health care for everyone. [10]

SDG 4: Quality Education

Lebanon has a significant increase in the rate of enrollment in primary education and that is a significant increase in the educational status of the youth. [35]

It is noted that Lebanese youth show significantly high literacy rates with a 90 percentage entrance rate in primary education. This high rate of enrollment is due to its mandatory and free aspect in public schools. [36]

SDG 5: Gender Equality

It is important to note that Lebanon has proven solid achievements when it comes to equality and empowerment. Women are still suffering from inequality, on the social, political, legal and labor market aspects. In the 2016 municipal elections about 100 more women were elected than in the 2010 municipal elections, still women only represent 5.5% of the municipal council seats. Only 23.5% of women are part of the labor market, whereas the proportion of men is 70.3%. And, only 3 percent of national parliamentary seats are held by women. [10]

SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Important improvements have been made on the level of implementing SDG 6. Most Lebanese have improved access to water supply yet the population experiences frequent water shortages. One of the issues faced is that in some Lebanese areas, the water is not safe to drink. Although, Lebanon has a relatively well established water and wastewater networks still a limited amount of water and wastewater is treated and managed safely. In this sense, up to 70% of natural water sources in Lebanon are bacterially contaminated. In 2012 Lebanon extracted 0.7 billion cubic meters of groundwater, but the groundwater is only replenished with 0.5 billion cubic meters each year. [10]

SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

It is vital aspect of Lebanese attempts in approaching SDG 7 by having a high potential to deviate away from oil as a main fuel for energy and depend more on renewable energy from resources such as sun, wind and water. Considerable efforts are needed to enhance greenhouse gas emissions and the affordability of energy. In Lebanon up to 4.5% of electricity comes from hydropower and up to 95.5% from oil. In 2012 Electricité du Liban (EDL) only met 63% of the demand for electricity in Lebanon. Around 53% of Lebanon’s total greenhouse gas emissions were from the energy sector in 2012. [10]

SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

Lebanon has witnessed immense struggle with respect to its growth rate. It is important to mention that regardless these struggles, the Lebanese economy has shown a high level of resilience in the face of regional instability, supported by sectors such as tourism and construction. It is a continuous challenge for Lebanon to generate sufficient jobs which shows that high unemployment rates, especially of women and youth, as well as high emigration of educated youth out of Lebanon. It is estimated that in Lebanon youth unemployment is 21.6% and is constantly rising. [10]

SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

Lebanon is known for its youth entrepreneurial activities. This reputation of having a vibrant entrepreneurship atmosphere has helped small businesses to grow. A challenging aspect of Lebanese industry is related to the manufacturing exports rate that decreased by almost 30% from 2012 to 2015. [10]

SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities

Inequalities have different faces in Lebanon that is related to income, consumption and social aspects, particularly between Beirut and rural areas. Geographical gaps exist and increased due to the manner of sending the funding directly to municipalities, particularly affecting municipalities in rural areas. Notably speaking the richest 20% in Lebanon account for 40% of all consumption, five times more than the poorest 20%. Lebanon does not have a civil code guaranteeing equal treatment for all in personal status matters such as marriage, custody and inheritance, but rather has 15 separate personal status laws that are linked to religious sects. Another important fact is that, the 244 most vulnerable municipalities host 87% of all displaced persons from Syria. [10]

SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

It is well known about Lebanon that it has a rich urban cultural heritage, with a number of the world’s oldest cities. However, huge demographic changes took place, like the increase in conflict urbanization and waves of external and internal displacements. This increased challenge makes it more difficult to sustain social coherence and ensure inclusion. Around 90% of the population in Lebanon live in urban areas and about 30% live in the Beirut metropolitan area alone. Adding to this, the majority of Syrian refugees live in urban areas, often in high density poor neighborhoods and sometimes in vulnerable conditions. More, 63% of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon and 55% of Palestinian refugees from Syria live inside camps, most of which are located in urban areas. [10]

SDG 12: Responsible Production and Consumption

As an attempt to reduce pollution, ever since 2000, Lebanon has implemented environmental legislation requiring industries to minimize their pollution.

But, environmental governance at municipal level and national level regulation and enforcement needs to be further strengthened for better recycling and waste management. In this sense, Lebanon was able to reduce consumption of CFC (a substance that depletes the ozone layer) from 928 tons to 0 tons in less than fifteen years. In 2010, 17% of household solid waste was recycled while 83% was sent to landfills or open dumps, including potentially hazardous forms of waste.

SDG 13: Climate Action

Lebanon has signed several conventions, such as the Paris Agreement on climate change, and established several institutions dedicated to the protection of the environment. The country is vulnerable to extreme weather like winter floods and extended hot summer days.[ citation needed ] In this regard, it is expected that Lebanon can do more to reduce its contribution to climate change and increase the capacities of institutions working with environmental issues. [10] Lebanon increased its greenhouse gas emissions, gases that are harmful to the environment and contribute to climate change, by nearly 5% annually between 1994 and 2012.[ needs update ] It is estimated that by 2040 rainfall in Lebanon will have decreased by 10-20%. [37] Currently, sea levels in Lebanon will rise with up to 60 cm in the next 30 years. [10] [ when? ]

SDG 14: Life below Water

SDG 15: Life on Land

SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

Challenges

On July 18, 2018: the Ministerial Meeting of the 2018 session of the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) publicly shared the representation of 46 Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) for three days. Its purpose was to share the development and challenges faced by the participant countries when implementing the SDGS. [38]

Critical challenges would disqualify Lebanon from implementing the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development Goals. These challenges include: political instability, refugee crisis, socioeconomic policy choices, social protection, taxes, lack of data, and lack of gender equality. [39]

The VNR included some challenges facing the implementation of the SDGs in Lebanon including the lack of strong statistical system and database for the SDG targets and indicators as well as a lack in capacity building. Public sector administration institutional capacities need to be reinforced with the help of UN bodies and international entities. [17]

Political obstacles

The political system in Lebanon is described by the agreed division of power leading to imbalanced structure of governance. This results in political conflicts affecting the economic and institutional performance of both the public and private sector. This ineffective distribution of power leads to weak fragile institutional strategic planning and the absence of transparency. Consequently, corruption prohibits investments and developmental global project implementation. [39] The result of this political distribution represents a limitation in decision-making towards any project or advancement. [40]

Refugees crisis

Lebanon has faced a complex approach regarding more than one million Syrians resorted to the country for shelter. [41] Lebanon was well known as the country that has integration of refugees within its population. This overpopulation of refugees affects the infrastructure negatively. [39] This results in imbalanced distribution of developmental projects towards a better status of the country. Refugees, mainly Palestinians and Syrians, suffered for a long time from unequal policies for they are known as the nations who are left behind. As a report dating back to 2019, Lebanon and Jordan face the same increased crisis with  17% and 7% of the overall population respectively. [42] The challenges faced by those communities were related to the need for mental health support, need for more advanced educational strategies and projects, and enhanced gender disparity status. [43]

In October 2014,  a governmental change took place regarding the rearrangement of Syrian refugees. Its main goal was to reduce the total number of  Syrian refugees and at the same time encourage them to return to Syria, it is still an ongoing target listed on the governmental agenda.

Socioeconomic policy choices

The economical structure in Lebanon depends on a focused model on banking and financial systems and sectors. The need for rebuilding the country post the civil war depended on over-borrowing from international bodies. This is done for an exchange rate from the donors increasing a public debt that the country can't face. This concentration of investments in specific sectors failed to improve the county's economic status and attract new advanced projects from investors that would have boosted all the goals targeted by the 2030 agenda. [39] Poverty and unemployment rates have increased within the youth giving little space for growth enhancement and a sense of competitiveness. [44]

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References

  1. ↑ "Lebanon .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform". sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
  2. ↑ Luomi, M.; Fuller, G.; Dahan, L.; Lisboa Båsund, K.; de la Mothe Karoubi, E.; Lafortune, G. (2019). Arab Region SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2019. SDG Centre of Excellence for the Arab Region/Emirates Diplomatic Academy and Sustainable Development Solutions Network. p. 5.
  3. ↑ Global Compact Network Lebanon (GCNL) (2015). "Our Mission".
  4. ↑ "Green Growth Knowledge Platform". Green Growth Knowledge Platform. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  5. ↑ "Global Impact Initiatives | UN Global Compact". www.unglobalcompact.org. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  6. ↑ "SDGs in Lebanon". United Nations Lebanon. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  7. ↑ "Sustainable Development Goals | UNDP in Lebanon". UNDP. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  8. ↑ Sustainable Development Goals. "Voluntary National Review 2018".
  9. ↑ "The 2030 Agenda in Lebanon: Promotion of the private sector at the expense of obstructing sustainable development | Social Watch". www.socialwatch.org. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "SDGs in Lebanon". United Nations Lebanon. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  11. 1 2 "Millennium Development Goals" (PDF). Lebanon Report. 2008.
  12. ↑ "National Report To The United Nations Conference On Sustainable Development (Rio+20)" (PDF). Sustainable Development in Lebanon: Status and Vision. 2012.
  13. ↑ "The Lebanon We Want: Post 2015 National Consultations in Lebanon" (PDF). Report. 2013.
  14. ↑ "THE 17 GOALS | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  15. ↑ United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
  16. 1 2 "The Sustainable Development Framework in Lebanon: A National Assessment" (PDF). Report.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Voluntary National Review (VNR) On Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)" (PDF). Report. 2018.
  18. ↑ "SDGs in Lebanon". sdglebanon.pcm.gov.lb. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  19. ↑ Trade, Ministry of Economy and. "Support to SMEs | Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) | Ministry Of Economy & Trade, Republic of Lebanon". www.economy.gov.lb (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  20. ↑ Ministry of Agricultural (2014). "Ministry of Agricultural Strategy" (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture.
  21. ↑ IDAL,invest in Lebanon (2020). "Who We Are".
  22. ↑ National Strategy for Women in Lebanon (2017–2019). "National Action Plan (2017-2019)" (PDF). National Strategy for Women in Lebanon.
  23. ↑ Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC) (2016–2020). "The National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the Republic of Lebanon 2016-2020" (PDF). Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC).
  24. ↑ Ministry of Economy and Trade (2014). "Lebanon SME Strategy: A roadmap to 2020" (PDF). UNDP Projects.
  25. ↑ The Council for Development and Reconstruction (2016). "Habitat III National Report Final Report" (PDF). Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR).
  26. ↑ Switch Med (2015). "Lebanon's Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and Production for the Industrial Sector".
  27. ↑ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Lebanon - CEDRE Conference (06.04.18)". France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  28. ↑ "Lebanon: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform". sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  29. ↑ Haddad, Dany; Zoghaib, Riwa (2018). "Lebanon: Progress Towards SDGs 16: A Civil Society Report Report on SDG 16.4, 16.5, 16.6 and 16.10" (PDF). The Lebanese Transparency Association: 8.
  30. 1 2 SDG Index, Lebanon. "Sustainable Development Report 2020" (PDF).
  31. ↑ "Social Watch | www.socialwatch.org". www.socialwatch.org. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
  32. 1 2 "Promotion of the private sector at the expense of obstructing sustainable development" (PDF). Report. 2018.
  33. ↑ "Private Sector Strategy" (PDF). Report. 2015.
  34. ↑ "About". UN Global Compact Lebanon. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  35. ↑ "Goal 4: Quality education | UNDP in Lebanon". UNDP. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  36. ↑ "Voluntary National Review 2018". UN Global Compact Lebanon. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  37. ↑ "Lebanon | Near East Network on Wildlands Forest Fire – NENFIRE | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
  38. ↑ Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. "Final VNR Presenters Share SDG Progress, Constraints | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD" . Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Ziad Abdel Samad (2016). "Structural challenges and obstacles to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda" (PDF). Arab NGO Network for Development (ANND): 8.
  40. ↑ Christophersen, Mona (2017-05-08). "Sustainable Institutions Critical for Lebanon's Sustainable Development". IPI Global Observatory. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  41. ↑ Janmyr, Maja (2018-03-16). "UNHCR and the Syrian refugee response: negotiating status and registration in Lebanon". The International Journal of Human Rights. 22 (3): 393–419. doi: 10.1080/13642987.2017.1371140 . hdl: 1956/17996 . ISSN   1364-2987.
  42. ↑ "Are Refugees Located Near Urban Job Opportunities?". Center For Global Development. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  43. ↑ Samar Zebian (2018). "MASHROU3 INSAN" (PDF). Issam Fares Institute Fo Public Policy and International Affairs: 34.
  44. ↑ ILO (2017–2020). "Decent Work Country Programme For Lebanon 2017" (PDF).
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