Climate crisis

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Google trends data shows that, following the 2006 release of Al Gore's film, An Inconvenient Truth, searches for the term climate crisis increased, with a resurgence beginning in late 2018. Also graphed: searches for the term climate emergency. 20200112 "Climate crisis" vs "Climate emergency" - Google search term usage.png
Google trends data shows that, following the 2006 release of Al Gore's film, An Inconvenient Truth, searches for the term climate crisis increased, with a resurgence beginning in late 2018. Also graphed: searches for the term climate emergency .

Climate crisis is a term describing global warming and climate change, and their impacts. This term and the term climate emergency have been used to describe the threat of global warming to humanity and the planet, and to urge aggressive climate change mitigation and "transformational" adaptation. [2] [3] [4] [5] In the scientific journal BioScience , a January 2020 article, endorsed by over 11,000 scientists worldwide, stated that "the climate crisis has arrived" and that an "immense increase of scale in endeavors to conserve our biosphere is needed to avoid untold suffering due to the climate crisis." [6] [7]

Contents

The term is applied by those who "believe it evokes the gravity of the threats the planet faces from continued greenhouse gas emissions and can help spur the kind of political willpower that has long been missing from climate advocacy". [2] They believe that, much as global warming drew out more emotional engagement and support for action than climate change, [2] [8] [9] calling climate change a crisis could have an even stronger impact. [2]

A study has shown that the term invokes a strong emotional response in conveying a sense of urgency; [10] some caution that this response may be counter-productive, [11] and may cause a backlash effect due to perceptions of alarmist exaggeration. [12] [13]

Scientific basis

Scientific consensus on causation: Academic studies of scientific agreement on human-caused global warming among climate experts (2010-2015) reflect that the level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science. A 2019 study found scientific consensus to be at 100%, and a 2021 study concluded that consensus exceeded 99%. Another 2021 study found that 98.7% of climate experts indicated that the Earth is getting warmer mostly because of human activity. 20211103 Academic studies of scientific consensus - global warming, climate change - vertical bar chart - en.svg
Scientific consensus on causation: Academic studies of scientific agreement on human-caused global warming among climate experts (2010–2015) reflect that the level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science. A 2019 study found scientific consensus to be at 100%, and a 2021 study concluded that consensus exceeded 99%. Another 2021 study found that 98.7% of climate experts indicated that the Earth is getting warmer mostly because of human activity.

Until the mid 2010s, the scientific community had been using quite neutral (constrained) language around climate change. Advocacy groups, politicians and the media have traditionally been using a more powerful language than climate scientists. [18] A shift in the scientific language has reflected a greater sense of urgency, from around 2014. [19] : 2546  Use of the terms "urgency", "climate crisis" and "climate emergency" has grown in scientific publications as well as in mass media. Scientists have called for more extensive action, and "transformational" climate change adaptation which focuses on large-scale change in systems. [19] : 2546 

In 2020 a group of over 11,000 scientists argued in a paper in BioScience that describing global warming as a climate emergency or climate crisis was appropriate. [20] The scientists stated that an "immense increase of scale in endeavor" is needed to conserve the biosphere. [6] They warned about "profoundly troubling signs" which can also have many indirect impacts such as large-scale human migration and food insecurity. These troubling signs include increases in dairy and meat production, fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and tree cover loss. These activities are all concurrent with upward trends in climate change impacts such as rising global temperatures, global ice melt, and extreme weather. [6]

In 2019, scientists published an article in Nature in which they pointed out that evidence from climate tipping points alone suggests that "we are in a state of planetary emergency". [21] They defined emergency as a product of risk and urgency, with both factors judged to be acute. Previous research had shown that individual tipping points could be exceeded with as little as 1–2 °C of global temperature increase (current warming already exceeds 1 °C). [21] A global cascade of tipping points is possible with even greater warming. [21]

Definitions

In the context of climate change, the term crisis is used for "a crucial or decisive point or situation that could lead to a tipping point." [5] It is a situation with an "unprecedented circumstance." [5]

A similar definition states that crisis in this context means "a turning point or a condition of instability or danger," and implies that "action needs to be taken now or else the consequences will be disastrous." [22]

Another definition talks more about the effects of climate change and defines climate crisis as "the various negative effects that unmitigated climate change is causing or threatening to cause on our planet, especially where these effects have a direct impact on humanity." [13]

Use of the term

Logo of the U.S. House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis (formation authorized January 9, 2019). House select committe on climate crisis logo.png
Logo of the U.S. House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis (formation authorized January 9, 2019).

20th century

Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed at the launch of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor in 2009, where the term climate crisis is used. Mohamed Nasheed, President of the Maldives, at the launch of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor.jpg
Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed at the launch of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor in 2009, where the term climate crisis is used.

Former U.S. Vice President Al Gore has used crisis terminology since the 1980s, with the term being formalized by the Climate Crisis Coalition (formed in 2004). [2]

A 1990 report from the American University International Law Review included legal texts that use the term crisis. [3] For example, the "The Cairo Compact: Toward a Concerted World-Wide Response to the Climate Crisis" from 1989 states that "All nations... will have to cooperate on an unprecedented scale. They will have to make difficult commitments without delay to address this crisis." [3]

21st century

U.S. Representative-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders at the December 2018, "Solving Our Climate Crisis, a National Town Hall" 9H1A8450 (44361385310).jpg
U.S. Representative-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders at the December 2018, "Solving Our Climate Crisis, a National Town Hall"

In the late 2010s, the phrase emerged "as a crucial piece of the climate hawk lexicon", being adopted by the Green New Deal, The Guardian , Greta Thunberg, and U.S. Democratic political candidates such as Kamala Harris. [2] At the same time, it came into more popular use "after a spate of dire scientific warnings and revived energy in the advocacy world". [2]

In the U.S., in late 2018, the United States House of Representatives established the House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis. The name for this committee was regarded as "a reminder of how much energy politics have changed in the last decade". [24] The original House climate committee had been called the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming in 2007. [2] It had been abolished when Republicans regained control of the House in 2011. [4]

The advocacy group Public Citizen reported that in 2018, less than 10% of articles in top-50 U.S. newspapers used the terms crisis or emergency. [25] In the same year, only 3.5% of national television news segments in the U.S. referred to climate change as a crisis or emergency (50 of 1400). [25] [26] In 2019, a "Call it a Climate Crisis" campaign was launched. It urged major media organizations to adopt the term climate crisis. [26] In the first four months of 2019, that number of mentions tripled, to 150. [25]

Letter to Major Networks:
Call It a Climate Crisis —
and Cover It Like One

The words that reporters and anchors use matter. What they call something shapes how millions see it—and influences how nations act. And today, we need to act boldly and quickly. With scientists warning of global catastrophe unless we slash emissions by 2030, the stakes have never been higher, and the role of news media never more critical.

We are urging you to call the dangerous overheating of our planet, and the lack of action to stop it, what it is—a crisis––and to cover it like one.

Public Citizen open letter
June 6, 2019 [27]

2019 appeared to be a shifting point for the linguistics of climate. Examples of the new linguistic situation include: The U.N. Secretary General's address at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit using a more emphatic language; petitioning of news organizations to alter their language by Al Gore's Climate Reality project, Greenpeace and the Sunrise Movement; and a May 2019 change in the style guide of The Guardian . [28]

The Guardian formally updated its style guide in May 2019 to favor climate emergency, crisis or breakdown and global heating. [29] [30] Editor-in-Chief Katharine Viner explained, "We want to ensure that we are being scientifically precise, while also communicating clearly with readers on this very important issue. The phrase 'climate change', for example, sounds rather passive and gentle when what scientists are talking about is a catastrophe for humanity." [31] The Guardian became a lead partner in Covering Climate Now, an initiative of news organizations founded in 2019 by the Columbia Journalism Review and The Nation to address the need for stronger climate coverage. [32] [33]

In June 2019, Spanish news agency EFE announced its preferred phrase crisis climática (climate crisis). [25] In November 2019, the Hindustan Times also adopted the term because climate change "does not correctly reflect the enormity of the existential threat". [34] Similarly, the Polish newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza uses the term climate crisis instead of climate change. One of its editors described climate change as one of the most important topics the paper has ever covered. [35]

On the other hand, in June 2019 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation updated its language guide to read "Climate crisis and climate emergency are OK in some cases as synonyms for 'climate change'. But they're not always the best choice... For example, 'climate crisis' could carry a whiff of advocacy in certain political coverage". [36] Journalism professor Sean Holman does not agree with this and said in an interview: "It's about being accurate in terms of the scope of the problem that we are facing. And in the media we, generally speaking, don't have any hesitation about naming a crisis when it is a crisis. Look at the opioid epidemic, for example. We call it an epidemic because it is one. So why are we hesitant about saying the climate crisis is a crisis?" [36]

In June 2019, climate activists demonstrated outside the offices of The New York Times. They were urging the newspaper's editors to adopt terms such as climate emergency or climate crisis. This kind of public pressure led the New York City Council to make New York the largest city in the world to formally adopt a climate emergency declaration. [37]

In May 2019, Al Gore's Climate Reality Project promoted an open petition asking news organizations to use climate crisis instead of climate change or global warming. [2] The NGO said "it's time to abandon both terms in culture". [38] Likewise, the Sierra Club, the Sunrise Movement, Greenpeace, and other environmental and progressive organizations joined in a June 6, 2019 Public Citizen letter to news organizations. [25] They urged the news organizations to call climate change and human inaction "what it is–a crisis–and to cover it like one". [27]

We cannot solve a crisis without treating it as a crisis. Nor can we treat something like a crisis unless we understand the emergency.

Greta Thunberg, December 10, 2020 [39]

In November 2019, the Oxford Dictionaries declared climate crisis as the Word of the year for 2019. The term was chosen as it matches the "ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year". [40]

In 2021, Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat created a free variable font called "Climate Crisis" having eight different weights that correlate with Arctic sea ice decline, visualizing how ice melt has changed over the decades. [41] The newspaper's art director posited that the font both evokes the aesthetics of environmentalism and inherently constitutes a data visualization graphic. [41]

In the updates to the World Scientists' Warning to Humanity of 2021 and 2022, scientists also used the terms climate crisis and climate emergency, with the title of the publications being "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency". [7] [42] They demanded that "we need short, frequent, and easily accessible updates on the climate emergency". [7]

Effectiveness

In September 2019, Bloomberg journalist Emma Vickers said that crisis terminology may be "showing results", citing a 2019 poll by The Washington Post and the Kaiser Family Foundation saying that 38% of U.S. adults termed climate change "a crisis" while an equal number called it "a major problem but not a crisis". [4] Five years earlier, U.S. adults considering it a crisis numbered only 23%. [43]

However, use of crisis terminology in various non-binding climate emergency declarations is regarded as ineffective (as of 2019) in making governments "shift into action". [5]

Concerns about crisis terminology

Emergency framing may have several disadvantages. [11] One disadvantage is that such framing may implicitly prioritize climate change over other important social issues. This could encourage competition among activists rather than cooperation. It could also sideline dissent within the climate change movement itself. [11] It may suggest a need for solutions by government, which provides less reliable long-term commitment than does popular mobilization, and which may be perceived as being "imposed on a reluctant population". [11] Finally, it may be counterproductive by causing disbelief (absent immediate dramatic effects), disempowerment (in the face of a problem that seems overwhelming), and withdrawal. [11]

There could also be a crisis fatigue, in which urgency to respond to threats loses its appeal over time. [18] Such language could lose audiences if time passes without meaningful policies to address the emergency. [18]

Researchers have written that "appeals to fear" usually do not generate "sustained and constructive engagement", noting how psychologists consider humans' responses to danger (fight, flight, or freeze) can be maladaptive if they do not reduce the danger. [44] Agreeing that fear is a "paralyzing emotion", Sander van der Linden, director of the Cambridge Social Decision-Making Lab, favors climate crisis over other terms because it conveys a sense of both urgency and optimism, and not a sense of doom. Van der Linden said that "people know that crises can be avoided and that they can be resolved". [45]

Climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe warned in early 2019 that crisis framing is only "effective for those already concerned about climate change, but complacent regarding solutions". [13] She added that it "is not yet effective" for those who perceive climate activists "to be alarmist Chicken Littles", positing that "it would further reinforce their pre-conceived—and incorrect—notions". [13]

Journalists in Germany have warned that crisis may be wrongly understood to suggest that climate change is "inherently episodic" (crises being "either solved or they pass") or as a temporary state before a return to normalcy that is in fact not possible. [46]

Arnold Schwarzenegger, organizer of the Austrian World Summit for climate action, found that people are not motivated by the term climate change. He thinks that focusing on pollution as a term might evoke be a more direct and negative connotation. [47]

Psychological and neuroscientific studies

An advertising consulting agency's 2019 neuroscientific study (120 U.S. people, divided equally among supporters of the Republican Party, Democratic Party and independents) [48] involved electroencephalography (EEG) and galvanic skin response (GSR) measurements. [10] The study measured responses to the terms climate crisis, environmental destruction, environmental collapse, weather destabilization, global warming and climate change. [48] It found that Democrats had a 60% greater emotional response to climate crisis than to climate change. For Republicans the difference in emotional response was even more pronounced: it was three times stronger for climate crisis than for climate change. [48] Climate crisis is said to have "performed well in terms of responses across the political spectrum and elicited the greatest emotional response among independents". [48] The study concluded that the term climate crisis elicited stronger emotional responses than "neutral" and "worn out" terms like global warming and climate change. [10] The term was found to encourage a sense of urgency—though not so strong a response as to cause cognitive dissonance that would cause people to generate counterarguments. [10]

Global boiling has arrived

Climate change is here. It is terrifying. And it is just the beginning. The era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived.

— António Guterres, U.N. Secretary-General [49]
27 July 2023

Terms like climate emergency and climate crisis have often been used by activists, and are increasingly found in academic papers. 2008- Number of academic papers including the term, climate emergency.svg
Terms like climate emergency and climate crisis have often been used by activists, and are increasingly found in academic papers.
An example of the terms climate crisis and climate emergency being used together during a protest march Blocking Downtown Streets and Intersections Extinction Rebellion Action Chicago Illinois 10-7-19 3415 (48869205986).jpg
An example of the terms climate crisis and climate emergency being used together during a protest march

Research has shown that what a phenomenon is called, or how it is framed, "has a tremendous effect on how audiences come to perceive that phenomenon" [12] and "can have a profound impact on the audience's reaction". [45]

Climate change and its actual and hypothetical effects are usually described in terms of climate risks in scientific and practitioner literature. When it comes to 'dangerous' risks, there are many related terms other than climate crisis. (Following dates aren't necessarily the first use of such terms.)

In addition to climate crisis, various other terms have been investigated for their effects on audiences, including global warming, climate change, and climatic disruption, [12] as well as environmental destruction, weather destabilization, and environmental collapse. [10]

In 2022, New York Times journalist Amanda Hess noted how "end of the world" characterizations of the future, such as climate apocalypse , were often used to refer to the current climate crisis, the characterization spreading from "the ironized hellscape of the internet" to books and film. [69]

See also

Related Research Articles

The "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity" was a document written in 1992 by Henry W. Kendall and signed by about 1,700 leading scientists. Twenty-five years later, in November 2017, 15,364 scientists signed "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" written by William J. Ripple and seven co-authors calling for, among other things, human population planning, and drastically diminishing per capita consumption of fossil fuels, meat, and other resources. The second notice has more scientist cosigners and formal supporters than any other journal article ever published.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of climate change</span> Interaction of societies and governments with modern climate change

The politics of climate change results from different perspectives on how to respond to climate change. Global warming is driven largely by the emissions of greenhouse gases due to human economic activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, certain industries like cement and steel production, and land use for agriculture and forestry. Since the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have provided the main source of energy for economic and technological development. The centrality of fossil fuels and other carbon-intensive industries has resulted in much resistance to climate friendly policy, despite widespread scientific consensus that such policy is necessary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in popular culture</span>

References to climate change in popular culture have existed since the late 20th century and increased in the 21st century. Climate change, its impacts, and related human-environment interactions have been featured in nonfiction books and documentaries, but also literature, film, music, television shows and video games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change denial</span> Denial of the scientific consensus on climate change

Climate change denial is a form of science denial characterized by rejecting, refusing to acknowledge, disputing, or fighting the scientific consensus on climate change. Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none. Climate change denial includes unreasonable doubts about the extent to which climate change is caused by humans, its effects on nature and human society, and the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions. To a lesser extent, climate change denial can also be implicit when people accept the science but fail to reconcile it with their belief or action. Several studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism, pseudoscience, or propaganda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in New Zealand</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of New Zealand related to climate change

Climate change in New Zealand involves historical, current and future changes in the climate of New Zealand; and New Zealand's contribution and response to global climate change. Summers are becoming longer and hotter, and some glaciers have melted completely and others have shrunk. In 2021, the Ministry for the Environment estimated that New Zealand's gross emissions were 0.17% of the world's total gross greenhouse gas emissions. However, on a per capita basis, New Zealand is a significant emitter, the sixth highest within the Annex I countries, whereas on absolute gross emissions New Zealand is ranked as the 24th highest emitter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Media coverage of climate change</span>

Media coverage of climate change has had effects on public opinion on climate change, as it conveys the scientific consensus on climate change that the global temperature has increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate movement</span> Nongovernmental organizations engaged in climate activism

The climate movement is a global social movement focused on pressuring governments and industry to take action addressing the causes and impacts of climate change. Environmental non-profit organizations have engaged in significant climate activism since the late 1980s and early 1990s, as they sought to influence the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Climate activism has become increasingly prominent over time, gaining significant momentum during the 2009 Copenhagen Summit and particularly following the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extinction Rebellion</span> Environmental pressure group

Extinction Rebellion is a UK-founded global environmental movement, with the stated aim of using nonviolent civil disobedience to compel government action to avoid tipping points in the climate system, biodiversity loss, and the risk of social and ecological collapse. Extinction Rebellion was established in Stroud in May 2018 by Gail Bradbrook, Simon Bramwell, Roger Hallam, Stuart Basden, along with six other co-founders from the campaign group Rising Up!

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greta Thunberg</span> Swedish environmental activist (born 2003)

Greta Tintin Eleonora Ernman Thunberg is a Swedish environmental activist known for challenging world leaders to take immediate action for climate change mitigation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">School Strike for Climate</span> International youth movement for climate action

School Strike for Climate, also known variously as Fridays for Future (FFF), Youth for Climate, Climate Strike or Youth Strike for Climate, is an international movement of school students who skip Friday classes to participate in demonstrations to demand action from political leaders to prevent climate change and for the fossil fuel industry to transition to renewable energy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference</span> 25th meeting of United Nations Climate Change conference

The 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference, also known as COP25, was the 25th United Nations Climate Change conference. It was held in Madrid, Spain, from 2 to 13 December 2019 under the presidency of the Chilean government. The conference incorporated the 25th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 15th meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP15), and the second meeting of the parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA2).

Climate change art is art inspired by climate change and global warming, generally intended to overcome humans' hardwired tendency to value personal experience over data and to disengage from data-based representations by making the data "vivid and accessible". One of the goal of climate change art is to "raise awareness of the crisis", as well as engage viewers politically and environmentally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warming stripes</span> Data visualization graphics of long-term trends of annual temperature anomalies

Warming stripes are data visualization graphics that use a series of coloured stripes chronologically ordered to visually portray long-term temperature trends. Warming stripes reflect a "minimalist" style, conceived to use colour alone to avoid technical distractions to intuitively convey global warming trends to non-scientists.

Ecological grief, or in particular climate grief, refers to the sense of loss that arises from experiencing or learning about environmental destruction or climate change. Environmental grief can be defined as "the grief reaction stemming from the environmental loss of ecosystems by natural and man-made events." Another definition is "the grief felt in relation to experienced or anticipated ecological losses, including the loss of species, ecosystems, and meaningful landscapes due to acute or chronic environmental change." For example, scientists witnessing the decline of Australia's Great Barrier Reef report experiences of anxiety, hopelessness, and despair. Groups impacted heavily also include young people feeling betrayal from lack of environmental action by governments and indigenous communities losing their livelihoods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Speeches of Greta Thunberg</span>

Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg has been noted for her skills as an orator. Her speech at the 2019 United Nations climate summit made her a household name. Prior to her speaking engagements, Thunberg had demonstrated outside the Swedish parliament, the Riksdag, using the signage Skolstrejk för klimatet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate communication</span> Environmental and science communication

Climate communication or climate change communication is a field of environmental communication and science communication focused on discussing the causes, nature and effects of anthropogenic climate change.

The history of climate change policy and politics refers to the continuing history of political actions, policies, trends, controversies and activist efforts as they pertain to the issue of climate change. Climate change emerged as a political issue in the 1970s, where activist and formal efforts were taken to ensure environmental crises were addressed on a global scale. International policy regarding climate change has focused on cooperation and the establishment of international guidelines to address global warming. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a largely accepted international agreement that has continuously developed to meet new challenges. Domestic policy on climate change has focused on both establishing internal measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and incorporating international guidelines into domestic law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</span> Intergovernmental report on climate change

The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the United Nations (UN) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the sixth in a series of reports which assess scientific, technical, and socio-economic information concerning climate change. Three Working Groups covered the following topics: The Physical Science Basis (WGI); Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (WGII); Mitigation of Climate Change (WGIII). Of these, the first study was published in 2021, the second report February 2022, and the third in April 2022. The final synthesis report was finished in March 2023.

This article documents events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glasgow Agreement</span>

The Glasgow Agreement is an international platform made up of various organisations which aim to coordinate themselves and use novel strategic tools in order to fight for climate justice.

References

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