This is a list of sovereign states and territories by per capita greenhouse gas emissions due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission. The following table lists the 1970, 1990, 2005, 2017 and 2022 annual per capita GHG [n 1] emissions estimates (in metric tons of CO2 equivalent per year). The data include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from all sources, including agriculture and land use change. They are measured in carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. [n 2]
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th assessment report finds that the “Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)” sector on average, accounted for 13-21% of global total anthropogenic GHG emissions in the period 2010-2019. [4] Land use change drivers net AFOLU CO2 emission fluxes, with deforestation being responsible for 45% of total AFOLU emissions. In addition to being a net carbon sink and source of GHG emissions, land plays an important role in climate through albedo effects, evapotranspiration, and aerosol loading through emissions of volatile organic compounds. [4] The IPCC report finds that the LULUCF sector offers significant near-term mitigation potential while providing food, wood and other renewable resources as well as biodiversity conservation. Mitigation measures in forests and other natural ecosystems provide the largest share of the LULUCF mitigation potential between 2020 and 2050. Among various LULUCF activities, reducing deforestation has the largest potential to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions, followed by carbon sequestration in agriculture and ecosystem restoration including afforestation and reforestation. [4] Land use change emissions can be negative. [n 3] [6]
According to Science for Policy report in 2023 by the Joint Research Centre (JRC - the European Commission’s science and knowledge service) and International Energy Agency (IEA), global per-capita emissions in 2022 increased by 0.4% to reach 6.76 tCO2eq/cap, a value still 0.8% lower than in 2019, but have increased by about 8.3% from 6.24 tCO2eq/cap to 6.76 tCO2eq/cap between 1990 and 2022. [7]
The main advantage of measuring total national emissions per capita is that it does take population size into account. China has the largest CO2 and GHG emissions in the world, but also the largest population. For a fair comparison, emissions should be analyzed in terms of the amount of CO2 and GHG per capita. [8]
In 2022, China's GHG per capita emissions levels (10.95) are almost 60 percent those of the United States (17.90) and less than a sixth of those of Qatar (67.38 - the country with the highest emissions of GHG per capita in 2022). [9] [7]
Measures of territorial-based emissions, also known as production-based emissions, do not account for emissions embedded in global trade, where emissions may be imported or exported in the form of traded goods, as it only reports emissions emitted within geographical boundaries. Accordingly, a proportion of the CO2 produced and reported in Asia and Africa is for the production of goods consumed in Europe and North America. [10]
According to the review of the scientific literature conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas by warming contribution. [11] Greenhouse gases (GHG) – primarily carbon dioxide but also others, including methane and chlorofluorocarbons – trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Higher temperatures then act on the climate, with varying effects. For example, dry regions might become drier while, at the poles, the ice caps are melting, causing higher sea levels. In 2016, the global average temperature was already 1.1 °C above pre-industrial levels. [12]
The data in the following table is extracted from EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. [7]
Country/territory | Per capita GHG emissions (tCO2eq/cap/year) | % of global average | Change (1990=100%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1990 | 2005 | 2017 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | |
Aruba | 0.7649 | 3.4494 | 4.6250 | 4.4383 | 4.6419 | 66.55% | 134.57% |
Afghanistan | 1.5582 | 1.1246 | 0.7256 | 0.8943 | 0.7320 | 10.49% | 65.09% |
Angola | 2.9718 | 2.8721 | 3.7608 | 2.7494 | 1.9001 | 27.24% | 66.16% |
Anguilla | 0.6647 | 1.0615 | 1.4256 | 2.3137 | 1.8733 | 26.86% | 176.48% |
Albania | 3.8414 | 3.5253 | 2.6209 | 3.1675 | 2.7090 | 38.84% | 76.84% |
Netherlands Antilles | 104.9792 | 19.4718 | 47.4995 | 25.9846 | 13.0574 | 187.19% | 67.06% |
United Arab Emirates | 124.7347 | 45.5802 | 37.0405 | 28.8280 | 29.3321 | 420.51% | 64.35% |
Argentina | 9.3109 | 8.0254 | 8.8089 | 8.5647 | 8.2695 | 118.55% | 103.04% |
Armenia | 6.0791 | 6.8887 | 2.4921 | 2.9429 | 3.1895 | 45.73% | 46.30% |
Antigua and Barbuda | 2.5408 | 3.6972 | 2.9719 | 3.2910 | 3.3629 | 48.21% | 90.96% |
Australia | 24.5283 | 26.8298 | 28.4892 | 24.5828 | 21.9788 | 315.09% | 81.92% |
Austria | 9.6439 | 10.5526 | 11.7376 | 9.8306 | 8.7001 | 124.73% | 82.44% |
Azerbaijan | 8.9336 | 9.6382 | 5.4410 | 5.8799 | 6.7184 | 96.32% | 69.71% |
Burundi | 0.6612 | 0.5649 | 0.5027 | 0.6649 | 0.5901 | 8.46% | 104.47% |
Belgium | 17.6706 | 14.2711 | 13.8273 | 10.8661 | 9.7372 | 139.60% | 68.23% |
Benin | 0.8650 | 0.8439 | 1.0974 | 1.4858 | 1.6184 | 23.20% | 191.77% |
Burkina Faso | 1.2092 | 1.2806 | 1.5424 | 1.6306 | 1.6512 | 23.67% | 128.94% |
Bangladesh | 2.0138 | 1.3176 | 1.2519 | 1.6287 | 1.6226 | 23.26% | 123.15% |
Bulgaria | 10.7745 | 11.8745 | 8.6878 | 9.2194 | 9.9961 | 143.31% | 84.18% |
Bahrain | 85.6662 | 60.9441 | 49.1842 | 42.2064 | 39.2904 | 563.28% | 64.47% |
Bahamas | 9.3651 | 5.0322 | 3.4778 | 4.2369 | 4.5448 | 65.16% | 90.32% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4.3692 | 7.3464 | 6.1478 | 9.0032 | 8.4143 | 120.63% | 114.54% |
Belarus | 9.1624 | 13.4610 | 8.4583 | 10.7095 | 10.6498 | 152.68% | 79.12% |
Belize | 2.3998 | 2.6417 | 2.1218 | 2.4680 | 2.3590 | 33.82% | 89.30% |
Bermuda | 3.1404 | 4.4821 | 3.2140 | 4.8578 | 5.8975 | 84.55% | 131.58% |
Bolivia | 6.0884 | 4.5620 | 3.9963 | 5.1223 | 4.9244 | 70.60% | 107.94% |
Brazil | 3.8317 | 4.6577 | 5.7109 | 6.2021 | 6.0493 | 86.72% | 129.88% |
Barbados | 2.2795 | 3.2988 | 3.2382 | 2.9967 | 3.2221 | 46.19% | 97.68% |
Brunei | 24.7537 | 31.6193 | 31.3981 | 31.8497 | 32.6639 | 468.28% | 103.30% |
Bhutan | 2.4478 | 2.1605 | 2.8212 | 3.6890 | 3.6001 | 51.61% | 166.64% |
Botswana | 4.9686 | 6.7738 | 5.4616 | 5.2938 | 5.0509 | 72.41% | 74.57% |
Central African Republic | 0.9900 | 2.6613 | 2.4925 | 2.6455 | 2.6205 | 37.57% | 98.47% |
Canada | 21.6364 | 21.0223 | 23.0802 | 21.1034 | 19.7900 | 283.72% | 94.14% |
Switzerland | 8.2995 | 8.2164 | 7.6023 | 5.8065 | 5.1842 | 74.32% | 63.10% |
Chile | 5.3883 | 4.5871 | 5.9173 | 7.1143 | 7.3135 | 104.85% | 159.44% |
China | 2.5978 | 3.4744 | 6.3800 | 9.7268 | 10.9541 | 157.04% | 315.28% |
Ivory Coast | 1.2741 | 0.9194 | 1.1062 | 1.2947 | 1.3156 | 18.86% | 143.10% |
Cameroon | 1.2176 | 2.6689 | 1.8638 | 1.6933 | 1.5826 | 22.69% | 59.30% |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.6502 | 0.8255 | 0.5657 | 0.6919 | 0.6473 | 9.28% | 78.41% |
Republic of the Congo | 1.8610 | 4.6982 | 5.5734 | 4.3262 | 4.3386 | 62.20% | 92.35% |
Cook Islands | 1.2963 | 2.7866 | 5.0923 | 7.5248 | 6.9550 | 99.71% | 249.59% |
Colombia | 3.9487 | 4.0589 | 3.8068 | 3.9454 | 4.2330 | 60.69% | 104.29% |
Comoros | 1.0427 | 0.8335 | 0.8758 | 0.9548 | 1.0167 | 14.58% | 121.98% |
Cape Verde | 0.9219 | 0.6713 | 1.8100 | 2.0283 | 2.2394 | 32.10% | 333.61% |
Costa Rica | 3.2410 | 3.2315 | 2.9288 | 3.2729 | 3.2875 | 47.13% | 101.73% |
Cuba | 5.3887 | 6.0051 | 4.0794 | 4.1406 | 3.8575 | 55.30% | 64.24% |
Cayman Islands | 3.2873 | 4.9026 | 3.3316 | 4.7272 | 5.3052 | 76.06% | 108.21% |
Cyprus | 4.7946 | 7.2374 | 8.9317 | 7.7969 | 8.6846 | 124.50% | 120.00% |
Czech Republic | 22.0902 | 19.0696 | 14.7346 | 12.5717 | 11.7095 | 167.87% | 61.40% |
Germany | 16.8270 | 15.6125 | 12.0448 | 10.8865 | 9.4925 | 136.09% | 60.80% |
Djibouti | 6.2532 | 3.2060 | 2.5130 | 2.1185 | 2.1715 | 31.13% | 67.73% |
Dominica | 0.5578 | 1.2292 | 1.8127 | 1.9009 | 1.9650 | 28.17% | 159.87% |
Denmark | 16.3104 | 13.5102 | 12.4052 | 8.6925 | 7.8376 | 112.36% | 58.01% |
Dominican Republic | 2.2721 | 2.5150 | 3.3456 | 3.7410 | 3.6964 | 52.99% | 146.97% |
Algeria | 3.9244 | 5.6300 | 5.6578 | 6.4114 | 6.3798 | 91.46% | 113.32% |
Ecuador | 2.3396 | 3.7687 | 4.1212 | 4.2246 | 4.3227 | 61.97% | 114.70% |
Egypt | 1.7759 | 2.6653 | 3.6320 | 3.8814 | 3.5500 | 50.89% | 133.19% |
Eritrea | 2.3034 | 1.5522 | 1.4521 | 1.2879 | 1.2241 | 17.55% | 78.87% |
Western Sahara | 1.4039 | 1.1075 | 1.0425 | 0.8117 | 0.7834 | 11.23% | 70.74% |
Spain | 5.6756 | 7.6392 | 10.3449 | 7.7118 | 7.0780 | 101.47% | 92.65% |
Estonia | 14.8696 | 27.5315 | 16.7695 | 19.3335 | 10.6801 | 153.11% | 38.79% |
Ethiopia | 1.9050 | 1.3773 | 1.2409 | 1.4879 | 1.6302 | 23.37% | 118.37% |
Finland | 14.4428 | 17.1245 | 16.6292 | 12.1147 | 9.7570 | 139.88% | 56.98% |
Fiji | 2.7714 | 3.0130 | 4.0117 | 3.1684 | 3.1863 | 45.68% | 105.75% |
Falkland Islands | 1.8981 | 3.5436 | 4.2584 | 6.3754 | 8.3478 | 119.68% | 235.57% |
France | 12.5433 | 9.3957 | 8.9243 | 7.2271 | 6.5026 | 93.22% | 69.21% |
Faroe Islands | 1.1848 | 1.0171 | 1.0302 | 1.0278 | 1.0006 | 14.34% | 98.38% |
Gabon | 11.5538 | 21.4146 | 18.7718 | 9.8226 | 8.3229 | 119.32% | 38.87% |
United Kingdom | 15.8214 | 13.7490 | 11.3097 | 7.1129 | 6.2677 | 89.86% | 45.59% |
Georgia | 6.2205 | 7.7858 | 2.5098 | 4.3578 | 4.6558 | 66.75% | 59.80% |
Ghana | 0.8812 | 0.7738 | 0.8964 | 1.4052 | 1.6555 | 23.73% | 213.95% |
Gibraltar | 2.8905 | 5.4795 | 13.3521 | 19.6035 | 19.6847 | 282.21% | 359.24% |
Guinea | 1.2257 | 1.3079 | 1.4237 | 1.9822 | 2.0228 | 29.00% | 154.66% |
Guadeloupe | 1.4378 | 2.4861 | 2.2556 | 2.6496 | 2.8126 | 40.32% | 113.14% |
Gambia | 1.6359 | 1.0611 | 1.0594 | 1.0095 | 0.9656 | 13.84% | 90.99% |
Guinea-Bissau | 1.1864 | 1.6433 | 1.5804 | 1.5761 | 1.5474 | 22.18% | 94.17% |
Equatorial Guinea | 0.3753 | 0.4271 | 22.5438 | 13.0761 | 7.7116 | 110.55% | 1,805.62% |
Greece | 5.2395 | 9.7101 | 11.4126 | 8.0485 | 6.8844 | 98.70% | 70.90% |
Grenada | 0.6722 | 1.0501 | 1.2455 | 1.7137 | 1.7484 | 25.07% | 166.50% |
Greenland | 1.1306 | 1.1731 | 12.1861 | 10.3195 | 9.4650 | 135.69% | 806.85% |
Guatemala | 1.5921 | 1.5275 | 2.0925 | 2.3252 | 2.4233 | 34.74% | 158.64% |
French Guiana | 2.5239 | 3.2088 | 1.7705 | 1.9732 | 1.8354 | 26.31% | 57.20% |
Guyana | 7.2327 | 5.1785 | 5.9220 | 7.7026 | 9.7509 | 139.79% | 188.30% |
Hong Kong | 3.1200 | 6.9141 | 7.0834 | 6.8568 | 5.1210 | 73.42% | 74.07% |
Honduras | 2.2248 | 1.9480 | 2.2414 | 2.3164 | 2.3704 | 33.98% | 121.69% |
Croatia | 6.5003 | 7.1325 | 6.8537 | 6.3346 | 5.9419 | 85.19% | 83.31% |
Haiti | 1.3679 | 1.1163 | 1.2145 | 1.3523 | 1.2797 | 18.35% | 114.64% |
Hungary | 8.8554 | 9.3259 | 7.9556 | 7.3498 | 6.9320 | 99.38% | 74.33% |
Indonesia | 1.8974 | 2.3570 | 3.0625 | 3.8629 | 4.4727 | 64.12% | 189.76% |
India | 1.4774 | 1.6510 | 1.9256 | 2.6808 | 2.7938 | 40.05% | 169.22% |
Ireland | 13.5604 | 16.1354 | 17.8827 | 13.9912 | 12.5794 | 180.34% | 77.96% |
Iran | 7.4667 | 5.9183 | 9.7066 | 11.5560 | 11.2022 | 160.60% | 189.28% |
Iraq | 10.1392 | 9.7105 | 6.0666 | 8.6414 | 8.4128 | 120.61% | 86.64% |
Iceland | 15.7941 | 17.3601 | 14.4635 | 13.7025 | 13.7018 | 196.43% | 78.93% |
Israel | 18.3425 | 6.4673 | 7.2639 | 6.6248 | 6.0236 | 86.36% | 93.14% |
Italy | 7.3900 | 8.9929 | 9.8698 | 7.1226 | 6.6978 | 96.02% | 74.48% |
Jamaica | 5.0203 | 3.8320 | 4.5902 | 3.0867 | 2.6357 | 37.79% | 68.78% |
Jordan | 2.1702 | 3.5224 | 4.4790 | 3.6789 | 3.3195 | 47.59% | 94.24% |
Japan | 9.7420 | 10.6156 | 10.9292 | 10.2517 | 9.4097 | 134.90% | 88.64% |
Kazakhstan | 19.7911 | 21.1327 | 15.6464 | 16.9688 | 17.3295 | 248.44% | 82.00% |
Kenya | 2.2139 | 1.8235 | 1.6605 | 1.9326 | 2.1022 | 30.14% | 115.28% |
Kyrgyzstan | 6.7548 | 7.7072 | 2.3732 | 3.3253 | 3.3967 | 48.70% | 44.07% |
Cambodia | 3.7601 | 2.2583 | 2.1796 | 2.6546 | 2.9135 | 41.77% | 129.01% |
Kiribati | 0.5319 | 0.4850 | 0.9841 | 0.9766 | 0.8732 | 12.52% | 180.05% |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1.4580 | 1.6254 | 2.2917 | 2.6074 | 2.6430 | 37.89% | 162.61% |
South Korea | 3.2078 | 7.6969 | 11.9593 | 14.6237 | 14.0059 | 200.79% | 181.97% |
Kuwait | 98.2124 | 23.7512 | 51.5999 | 34.8389 | 37.9606 | 544.21% | 159.83% |
Laos | 2.6855 | 1.9350 | 2.0396 | 4.9847 | 5.0097 | 71.82% | 258.89% |
Lebanon | 3.0325 | 2.9818 | 5.2624 | 5.9721 | 5.4343 | 77.91% | 182.25% |
Liberia | 1.1782 | 0.8537 | 0.8271 | 0.9236 | 0.9903 | 14.20% | 116.00% |
Libya | 61.7055 | 19.5265 | 18.1573 | 13.3933 | 15.3179 | 219.60% | 78.45% |
Saint Lucia | 0.8839 | 1.1842 | 1.4707 | 1.8922 | 2.3685 | 33.96% | 200.02% |
Sri Lanka | 1.6428 | 1.3331 | 1.6561 | 1.9528 | 1.8301 | 26.24% | 137.27% |
Lesotho | 1.9118 | 1.3759 | 1.4518 | 1.3681 | 1.2697 | 18.20% | 92.28% |
Lithuania | 9.1018 | 12.6166 | 6.4817 | 7.9723 | 7.3716 | 105.68% | 58.43% |
Luxembourg | 56.6723 | 33.1851 | 28.5517 | 17.3924 | 13.6925 | 196.30% | 41.26% |
Latvia | 7.6070 | 10.2335 | 5.2142 | 6.0593 | 5.9751 | 85.66% | 58.39% |
Macau | 1.4680 | 2.9391 | 4.7738 | 5.4069 | 3.5924 | 51.50% | 122.23% |
Morocco | 1.5010 | 1.8188 | 2.4323 | 2.8642 | 3.0271 | 43.40% | 166.44% |
Moldova | 5.8067 | 8.5807 | 2.6891 | 2.9301 | 3.0870 | 44.26% | 35.98% |
Madagascar | 3.1905 | 2.1766 | 1.5362 | 1.3442 | 1.1989 | 17.19% | 55.08% |
Maldives | 0.2726 | 0.6831 | 2.6507 | 4.7793 | 5.1361 | 73.63% | 751.86% |
Mexico | 4.1894 | 5.4643 | 6.5268 | 6.2149 | 5.9902 | 85.88% | 109.62% |
North Macedonia | 7.1522 | 7.2480 | 6.0378 | 5.1853 | 5.3537 | 76.75% | 73.86% |
Mali | 2.0495 | 1.5817 | 1.7514 | 2.2184 | 2.2953 | 32.91% | 145.12% |
Malta | 2.4732 | 6.8321 | 7.1829 | 4.6739 | 4.9958 | 71.62% | 73.12% |
Myanmar | 2.7194 | 1.7911 | 2.2907 | 2.9505 | 3.0400 | 43.58% | 169.73% |
Mongolia | 12.4118 | 11.8694 | 9.9205 | 20.3731 | 19.0736 | 273.44% | 160.70% |
Mozambique | 1.1239 | 0.7836 | 0.8578 | 1.2047 | 1.1727 | 16.81% | 149.66% |
Mauritania | 4.9570 | 3.2755 | 3.3234 | 3.3211 | 3.3121 | 47.48% | 101.12% |
Martinique | 1.2523 | 2.5640 | 2.2038 | 2.7412 | 2.8010 | 40.16% | 109.25% |
Mauritius | 1.0923 | 1.8732 | 3.1428 | 4.7854 | 5.0110 | 71.84% | 267.52% |
Malawi | 0.5950 | 0.6778 | 0.7466 | 0.8748 | 0.9754 | 13.98% | 143.91% |
Malaysia | 3.0667 | 5.2550 | 9.5902 | 9.7373 | 10.4986 | 150.51% | 199.78% |
Namibia | 8.3860 | 4.6925 | 5.2638 | 4.9173 | 4.6696 | 66.94% | 99.51% |
New Caledonia | 12.8442 | 11.2419 | 13.5082 | 19.2977 | 19.3466 | 277.36% | 172.09% |
Niger | 2.5076 | 1.4575 | 1.5847 | 1.6077 | 1.6649 | 23.87% | 114.23% |
Nigeria | 3.3347 | 3.0158 | 2.8788 | 2.1413 | 1.8801 | 26.95% | 62.34% |
Nicaragua | 3.8467 | 2.5610 | 2.7847 | 3.2132 | 3.2129 | 46.06% | 125.45% |
Netherlands | 14.0281 | 15.2580 | 13.8161 | 12.1079 | 9.7151 | 139.28% | 63.67% |
Norway | 14.2414 | 14.8128 | 16.0845 | 13.9222 | 12.6019 | 180.66% | 85.07% |
Nepal | 2.1097 | 1.6857 | 1.4629 | 1.8223 | 1.8364 | 26.33% | 108.94% |
New Zealand | 20.3227 | 20.7595 | 21.2997 | 18.6948 | 16.8268 | 241.23% | 81.06% |
Oman | 19.5791 | 18.4668 | 26.5395 | 26.1552 | 25.5861 | 366.81% | 138.55% |
Pakistan | 1.8074 | 1.9970 | 2.2814 | 2.6027 | 2.5303 | 36.28% | 126.71% |
Panama | 4.2001 | 2.9809 | 3.8838 | 4.0865 | 4.1861 | 60.01% | 140.43% |
Peru | 2.9515 | 2.1535 | 2.4027 | 3.0008 | 3.0873 | 44.26% | 143.37% |
Philippines | 2.5324 | 1.7727 | 1.8888 | 2.2816 | 2.3498 | 33.69% | 132.56% |
Palau | 187.2569 | 154.1787 | 92.4898 | 57.7687 | 61.6548 | 883.90% | 39.99% |
Papua New Guinea | 0.7341 | 0.8922 | 1.5159 | 1.4328 | 1.0001 | 14.34% | 112.10% |
Poland | 14.9084 | 13.5587 | 10.7404 | 10.8409 | 10.6204 | 152.26% | 78.33% |
Puerto Rico | 11.3121 | 6.1714 | 7.5916 | 3.8213 | 4.1924 | 60.10% | 67.93% |
North Korea | 6.9455 | 8.3692 | 4.7508 | 3.2948 | 3.1198 | 44.73% | 37.28% |
Portugal | 3.4419 | 5.9744 | 7.9614 | 6.9886 | 5.8842 | 84.36% | 98.49% |
Paraguay | 4.3090 | 5.0738 | 4.5954 | 6.3478 | 6.3005 | 90.33% | 124.18% |
French Polynesia | 1.9282 | 4.8424 | 4.5120 | 4.2014 | 3.8167 | 54.72% | 78.82% |
Qatar | 221.8389 | 61.0367 | 96.4841 | 72.2900 | 67.3770 | 965.94% | 110.39% |
Réunion | 1.0653 | 1.9049 | 3.4830 | 3.4872 | 3.4622 | 49.64% | 181.75% |
Romania | 8.7946 | 10.4632 | 6.5383 | 6.1493 | 6.0963 | 87.40% | 58.26% |
Russia | 14.6855 | 20.6903 | 15.4700 | 16.2459 | 17.9851 | 257.84% | 86.92% |
Rwanda | 1.1582 | 0.8596 | 0.6163 | 0.6641 | 0.6607 | 9.47% | 76.87% |
Saudi Arabia | 13.0766 | 14.6012 | 19.5139 | 23.5159 | 22.6425 | 324.61% | 155.07% |
Serbia and Montenegro | 5.3406 | 8.4412 | 7.8311 | 7.6314 | 7.5445 | 108.16% | 89.38% |
Sudan | 2.8221 | 2.4397 | 3.0181 | 2.6340 | 2.4197 | 34.69% | 99.18% |
Senegal | 1.8838 | 1.3846 | 1.5070 | 1.6351 | 1.6884 | 24.21% | 121.94% |
Singapore | 3.6907 | 11.3521 | 11.4036 | 12.3314 | 11.6671 | 167.26% | 102.78% |
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | 0.7919 | 1.9692 | 2.6657 | 4.6060 | 5.0835 | 72.88% | 258.15% |
Solomon Islands | 0.8550 | 0.8737 | 1.0462 | 0.9601 | 0.8837 | 12.67% | 101.14% |
Sierra Leone | 1.1909 | 0.9437 | 0.8840 | 0.9273 | 0.8504 | 12.19% | 90.12% |
El Salvador | 1.6255 | 1.4799 | 2.1611 | 1.8747 | 1.9972 | 28.63% | 134.95% |
Somalia | 5.4310 | 3.4263 | 2.9148 | 2.1010 | 1.9521 | 27.99% | 56.98% |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 7.6473 | 14.9676 | 4.5041 | 6.5081 | 6.3008 | 90.33% | 42.10% |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 0.5496 | 0.7606 | 1.0249 | 1.1514 | 1.1558 | 16.57% | 151.97% |
Suriname | 5.5899 | 4.7176 | 5.3072 | 6.4743 | 7.6666 | 109.91% | 162.51% |
Slovakia | 12.7608 | 14.1274 | 9.6596 | 8.7082 | 8.3604 | 119.86% | 59.18% |
Slovenia | 8.8698 | 10.6785 | 11.8559 | 9.6593 | 8.7822 | 125.90% | 82.24% |
Sweden | 14.4306 | 9.2461 | 9.0102 | 6.6710 | 5.9141 | 84.79% | 63.96% |
Eswatini | 4.2549 | 3.8833 | 3.0469 | 2.2599 | 2.2792 | 32.67% | 58.69% |
Seychelles | 2.5849 | 4.6775 | 11.8434 | 12.5403 | 12.3647 | 177.26% | 264.34% |
Syria | 2.5071 | 5.1500 | 4.8997 | 2.4603 | 2.2628 | 32.44% | 43.94% |
Turks and Caicos Islands | 0.9169 | 0.9260 | 1.6760 | 2.6859 | 2.6511 | 38.01% | 286.29% |
Chad | 2.4968 | 1.8695 | 3.6305 | 4.7132 | 5.2065 | 74.64% | 278.49% |
Togo | 0.9432 | 0.9424 | 1.0669 | 1.1432 | 1.2618 | 18.09% | 133.90% |
Thailand | 3.2638 | 3.9217 | 5.8262 | 6.5104 | 6.6680 | 95.59% | 170.03% |
Tajikistan | 4.5367 | 4.2253 | 1.7625 | 2.0570 | 2.3214 | 33.28% | 54.94% |
Turkmenistan | 20.5351 | 23.5183 | 21.0881 | 21.3834 | 20.7968 | 298.15% | 88.43% |
Timor-Leste | 1.1820 | 0.7914 | 1.9883 | 2.4188 | 1.7180 | 24.63% | 217.09% |
Tonga | 0.9358 | 1.9887 | 2.3536 | 2.7408 | 2.5144 | 36.05% | 126.44% |
Trinidad and Tobago | 9.9754 | 14.8896 | 39.9716 | 37.2419 | 33.2688 | 476.95% | 223.44% |
Tunisia | 2.1448 | 2.9058 | 3.6128 | 3.7739 | 4.1075 | 58.89% | 141.35% |
Turkey | 2.9383 | 4.2299 | 4.9558 | 7.4005 | 8.0867 | 115.93% | 191.18% |
Taiwan | 3.7070 | 6.9210 | 14.6946 | 13.5154 | 12.8614 | 184.38% | 185.83% |
Tanzania | 1.5528 | 1.2243 | 1.2928 | 1.3534 | 1.3418 | 19.24% | 109.60% |
Uganda | 1.3988 | 1.0581 | 0.9983 | 1.0947 | 1.1243 | 16.12% | 106.26% |
Ukraine | 13.8286 | 18.5010 | 9.4685 | 6.3480 | 4.8356 | 69.32% | 26.14% |
Uruguay | 10.3644 | 9.5334 | 11.4641 | 11.8874 | 11.9124 | 170.78% | 124.95% |
United States | 27.4349 | 24.4080 | 24.0636 | 18.8335 | 17.9011 | 256.63% | 73.34% |
Uzbekistan | 9.0830 | 8.6584 | 7.2261 | 6.3621 | 6.6733 | 95.67% | 77.07% |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.6160 | 0.8178 | 1.1755 | 1.5549 | 1.3925 | 19.96% | 170.27% |
Venezuela | 8.6865 | 8.3957 | 9.2402 | 7.3135 | 4.9949 | 71.61% | 59.49% |
British Virgin Islands | 0.9394 | 1.2934 | 1.8020 | 2.2967 | 2.2842 | 32.75% | 176.61% |
Vietnam | 2.1713 | 1.6423 | 2.8455 | 4.0437 | 4.8821 | 69.99% | 297.27% |
Vanuatu | 3.4877 | 3.2709 | 2.6924 | 2.3090 | 1.9148 | 27.45% | 58.54% |
Samoa | 1.1805 | 1.8528 | 2.4516 | 3.0172 | 2.7016 | 38.73% | 145.81% |
Yemen | 0.9621 | 1.5129 | 2.2047 | 1.1259 | 1.2036 | 17.26% | 79.56% |
South Africa | 10.6805 | 10.9673 | 11.3779 | 10.6277 | 8.9095 | 127.73% | 81.24% |
Zambia | 3.0630 | 2.0291 | 1.4371 | 1.5936 | 1.5316 | 21.96% | 75.48% |
Zimbabwe | 4.2982 | 3.4623 | 2.2097 | 1.7650 | 1.6374 | 23.47% | 47.29% |
GLOBAL AVERAGE | 6.6213 | 6.2420 | 6.4702 | 6.7828 | 6.7623 | 100.00% | 108.34% |
Global warming potential (GWP) is an index to measure how much infrared thermal radiation a greenhouse gas would absorb over a given time frame after it has been added to the atmosphere. The GWP makes different greenhouse gases comparable with regard to their "effectiveness in causing radiative forcing". It is expressed as a multiple of the radiation that would be absorbed by the same mass of added carbon dioxide, which is taken as a reference gas. Therefore, the GWP has a value of 1 for CO2. For other gases it depends on how strongly the gas absorbs infrared thermal radiation, how quickly the gas leaves the atmosphere, and the time frame being considered.
The Kyoto Protocol (Japanese: 京都議定書, Hepburn: Kyōto Giteisho) was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There were 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012) to the Protocol in 2020.
An emission intensity is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP). Emission intensities are used to derive estimates of air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount of fuel combusted, the number of animals in animal husbandry, on industrial production levels, distances traveled or similar activity data. Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities. In some case the related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are used interchangeably. The jargon used can be different, for different fields/industrial sectors; normally the term "carbon" excludes other pollutants, such as particulate emissions. One commonly used figure is carbon intensity per kilowatt-hour (CIPK), which is used to compare emissions from different sources of electrical power.
Climate change mitigation (or decarbonisation) is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change. Climate change mitigation actions include conserving energy and replacing fossil fuels with clean energy sources. Secondary mitigation strategies include changes to land use and removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Current climate change mitigation policies are insufficient as they would still result in global warming of about 2.7 °C by 2100, significantly above the 2015 Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to below 2 °C.
A carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas footprint) is a calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount of greenhouse gases that an activity, product, company or country adds to the atmosphere. Carbon footprints are usually reported in tonnes of emissions (CO2-equivalent) per unit of comparison. Such units can be for example tonnes CO2-eq per year, per kilogram of protein for consumption, per kilometer travelled, per piece of clothing and so forth. A product's carbon footprint includes the emissions for the entire life cycle. These run from the production along the supply chain to its final consumption and disposal.
Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF), also referred to as Forestry and other land use (FOLU) or Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), is defined as a "greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use such as settlements and commercial uses, land-use change, and forestry activities."
Greenhouse gas inventories are emission inventories of greenhouse gas emissions that are developed for a variety of reasons. Scientists use inventories of natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions as tools when developing atmospheric models. Policy makers use inventories to develop strategies and policies for emissions reductions and to track the progress of those policies.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide, from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2022 were 703 GtC, of which 484±20 GtC from fossil fuels and industry, and 219±60 GtC from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2022, coal 32%, oil 24%, and gas 10%.
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the gases in the atmosphere that raise the surface temperature of planets such as the Earth. What distinguishes them from other gases is that they absorb the wavelengths of radiation that a planet emits, resulting in the greenhouse effect. The Earth is warmed by sunlight, causing its surface to radiate heat, which is then mostly absorbed by greenhouse gases. Without greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 °C (0 °F), rather than the present average of 15 °C (59 °F).
Climate change has received significant scientific, public and political attention in Sweden. In 1896, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius was the first scientist to quantify global heating. Sweden has a high energy consumtion per capita, but reducing the dependency on fossil energy has been on the agenda of cabinets of the Governments of Sweden since the 1970s oil crises. In 2014 and 2016, Sweden was ranked #1 in the Global Green Economy Index (GGEI), because the Swedish economy produces relatively low emissions. Sweden has had one of the highest usages of biofuel in Europe and aims at prohibiting new sales of fossil-cars, including hybrid cars, by 2035, and for an energy supply system with zero net atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions by 2045.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) use tens of acronyms and initialisms in documents relating to climate change policy.
Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the environmental impacts of electricity generation. Measurement of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions involves calculating the global warming potential (GWP) of energy sources through life-cycle assessment. These are usually sources of only electrical energy but sometimes sources of heat are evaluated. The findings are presented in units of global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated by that source. The scale uses the global warming potential unit, the carbon dioxide equivalent, and the unit of electrical energy, the kilowatt hour (kWh). The goal of such assessments is to cover the full life of the source, from material and fuel mining through construction to operation and waste management.
A climate change scenario is a hypothetical future based on a "set of key driving forces". Scenarios explore the long-term effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation. Scenarios help to understand what the future may hold. They can show which decisions will have the most meaningful effects on mitigation and adaptation.
Belgium has the 7th largest CO2 emission per capita in the EU. The CO2 emissions have dropped 19.0% since in comparison with 1990 levels. The average temperature has risen 1.9 degrees Celsius since measurements began in 1890, with an acceleration since 1954.
A carbon budget is a concept used in climate policy to help set emissions reduction targets in a fair and effective way. It examines the "maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given level". It can be expressed relative to the pre-industrial period. In this case, it is the total carbon budget. Or it can be expressed from a recent specified date onwards. In that case it is the remaining carbon budget.
Greenhouse gas emissionsbyRussia are mostly from fossil gas, oil and coal. Russia emits 2 or 3 billion tonnes CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year; about 4% of world emissions. Annual carbon dioxide emissions alone are about 12 tons per person, more than double the world average. Cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore air pollution in Russia, would have health benefits greater than the cost. The country is the world's biggest methane emitter, and 4 billion dollars worth of methane was estimated to leak in 2019/20.