List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita

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Per capita annual GHG emissions, including agriculture and land use change, measured in carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Per-capita-ghg-emissions.png
Per capita annual GHG emissions, including agriculture and land use change, measured in carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.
Worldwide CO2 Emissions in 2021, by region, per capita, growth. Visualization in a variwide diagram. 2021 Worldwide CO2 Emissions (by region, per capita, growth); variwide diagram.png
Worldwide CO2 Emissions in 2021, by region, per capita, growth. Visualization in a variwide diagram.
Greenhouse gas emissions per capita for the largest emitting countries 20210626 Variwide chart of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by country.svg
Greenhouse gas emissions per capita for the largest emitting countries
Global map of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions, including agriculture and land use change, measured in carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Total-ghg-emissions.png
Global map of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions, including agriculture and land use change, measured in carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

This is a list of sovereign states and territories by per capita greenhouse gas emissions due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission. The following table lists the 1970, 1990, 2005, 2017 and 2022 annual per capita GHG [n 1] emissions estimates (in metric tons of CO2 equivalent per year). The data include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from all sources, including agriculture and land use change. They are measured in carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. [n 2]

Contents

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th assessment report finds that the “Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)” sector on average, accounted for 13-21% of global total anthropogenic GHG emissions in the period 2010-2019. [4] Land use change drivers net AFOLU CO2 emission fluxes, with deforestation being responsible for 45% of total AFOLU emissions. In addition to being a net carbon sink and source of GHG emissions, land plays an important role in climate through albedo effects, evapotranspiration, and aerosol loading through emissions of volatile organic compounds. [4] The IPCC report finds that the LULUCF sector offers significant near-term mitigation potential while providing food, wood and other renewable resources as well as biodiversity conservation. Mitigation measures in forests and other natural ecosystems provide the largest share of the LULUCF mitigation potential between 2020 and 2050. Among various LULUCF activities, reducing deforestation has the largest potential to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions, followed by carbon sequestration in agriculture and ecosystem restoration including afforestation and reforestation. [4] Land use change emissions can be negative. [n 3] [6]

According to Science for Policy report in 2023 by the Joint Research Centre (JRC - the European Commission’s science and knowledge service) and International Energy Agency (IEA), global per-capita emissions in 2022 increased by 0.4% to reach 6.76 tCO2eq/cap, a value still 0.8% lower than in 2019, but have increased by about 8.3% from 6.24 tCO2eq/cap to 6.76 tCO2eq/cap between 1990 and 2022. [7]

The main advantage of measuring total national emissions per capita is that it does take population size into account. China has the largest CO2 and GHG emissions in the world, but also the largest population. For a fair comparison, emissions should be analyzed in terms of the amount of CO2 and GHG per capita. [8]

In 2022, China's GHG per capita emissions levels (10.95) are almost 60 percent those of the United States (17.90) and less than a sixth of those of Qatar (67.38 - the country with the highest emissions of GHG per capita in 2022). [9] [7]

Measures of territorial-based emissions, also known as production-based emissions, do not account for emissions embedded in global trade, where emissions may be imported or exported in the form of traded goods, as it only reports emissions emitted within geographical boundaries. Accordingly, a proportion of the CO2 produced and reported in Asia and Africa is for the production of goods consumed in Europe and North America. [10]

According to the review of the scientific literature conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas by warming contribution. [11] Greenhouse gases (GHG) – primarily carbon dioxide but also others, including methane and chlorofluorocarbons – trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Higher temperatures then act on the climate, with varying effects. For example, dry regions might become drier while, at the poles, the ice caps are melting, causing higher sea levels. In 2016, the global average temperature was already 1.1 °C above pre-industrial levels. [12]

GHG emissions

Per capita GHG emissions by country/territory

The data in the following table is extracted from EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. [7]

Country/territoryPer capita GHG emissions
(tCO2eq/cap/year)
 % of global averageChange
(1990=100%)
1970199020052017202220222022
Flag of Aruba.svg  Aruba 0.76493.44944.62504.43834.641966.55%134.57% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan 1.55821.12460.72560.89430.732010.49%65.09% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 2.97182.87213.76082.74941.900127.24%66.16% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Anguilla.svg  Anguilla 0.66471.06151.42562.31371.873326.86%176.48% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 3.84143.52532.62093.16752.709038.84%76.84% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986-2010).svg  Netherlands Antilles 104.979219.471847.499525.984613.0574187.19%67.06% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 124.734745.580237.040528.828029.3321420.51%64.35% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 9.31098.02548.80898.56478.2695118.55%103.04% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 6.07916.88872.49212.94293.189545.73%46.30% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda 2.54083.69722.97193.29103.362948.21%90.96% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 24.528326.829828.489224.582821.9788315.09%81.92% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 9.643910.552611.73769.83068.7001124.73%82.44% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 8.93369.63825.44105.87996.718496.32%69.71% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 0.66120.56490.50270.66490.59018.46%104.47% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 17.670614.271113.827310.86619.7372139.60%68.23% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 0.86500.84391.09741.48581.618423.20%191.77% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 1.20921.28061.54241.63061.651223.67%128.94% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 2.01381.31761.25191.62871.622623.26%123.15% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 10.774511.87458.68789.21949.9961143.31%84.18% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 85.666260.944149.184242.206439.2904563.28%64.47% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 9.36515.03223.47784.23694.544865.16%90.32% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.36927.34646.14789.00328.4143120.63%114.54% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 9.162413.46108.458310.709510.6498152.68%79.12% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Belize.svg  Belize 2.39982.64172.12182.46802.359033.82%89.30% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Bermuda.svg  Bermuda 3.14044.48213.21404.85785.897584.55%131.58% Increase Negative.svg
Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg  Bolivia 6.08844.56203.99635.12234.924470.60%107.94% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 3.83174.65775.71096.20216.049386.72%129.88% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 2.27953.29883.23822.99673.222146.19%97.68% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 24.753731.619331.398131.849732.6639468.28%103.30% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan 2.44782.16052.82123.68903.600151.61%166.64% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 4.96866.77385.46165.29385.050972.41%74.57% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 0.99002.66132.49252.64552.620537.57%98.47% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 21.636421.022323.080221.103419.7900283.72%94.14% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 8.29958.21647.60235.80655.184274.32%63.10% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 5.38834.58715.91737.11437.3135104.85%159.44% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 2.59783.47446.38009.726810.9541157.04%315.28% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 1.27410.91941.10621.29471.315618.86%143.10% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 1.21762.66891.86381.69331.582622.69%59.30% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.65020.82550.56570.69190.64739.28%78.41% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Republic of the Congo 1.86104.69825.57344.32624.338662.20%92.35% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Cook Islands.svg  Cook Islands 1.29632.78665.09237.52486.955099.71%249.59% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 3.94874.05893.80683.94544.233060.69%104.29% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 1.04270.83350.87580.95481.016714.58%121.98% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 0.92190.67131.81002.02832.239432.10%333.61% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 3.24103.23152.92883.27293.287547.13%101.73% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 5.38876.00514.07944.14063.857555.30%64.24% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg  Cayman Islands 3.28734.90263.33164.72725.305276.06%108.21% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 4.79467.23748.93177.79698.6846124.50%120.00% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 22.090219.069614.734612.571711.7095167.87%61.40% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 16.827015.612512.044810.88659.4925136.09%60.80% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 6.25323.20602.51302.11852.171531.13%67.73% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica 0.55781.22921.81271.90091.965028.17%159.87% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 16.310413.510212.40528.69257.8376112.36%58.01% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 2.27212.51503.34563.74103.696452.99%146.97% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 3.92445.63005.65786.41146.379891.46%113.32% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 2.33963.76874.12124.22464.322761.97%114.70% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 1.77592.66533.63203.88143.550050.89%133.19% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 2.30341.55221.45211.28791.224117.55%78.87% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg  Western Sahara 1.40391.10751.04250.81170.783411.23%70.74% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 5.67567.639210.34497.71187.0780101.47%92.65% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 14.869627.531516.769519.333510.6801153.11%38.79% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 1.90501.37731.24091.48791.630223.37%118.37% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 14.442817.124516.629212.11479.7570139.88%56.98% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 2.77143.01304.01173.16843.186345.68%105.75% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg  Falkland Islands 1.89813.54364.25846.37548.3478119.68%235.57% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of France.svg  France 12.54339.39578.92437.22716.502693.22%69.21% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg  Faroe Islands 1.18481.01711.03021.02781.000614.34%98.38% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 11.553821.414618.77189.82268.3229119.32%38.87% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 15.821413.749011.30977.11296.267789.86%45.59% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 6.22057.78582.50984.35784.655866.75%59.80% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 0.88120.77380.89641.40521.655523.73%213.95% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Gibraltar.svg  Gibraltar 2.89055.479513.352119.603519.6847282.21%359.24% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 1.22571.30791.42371.98222.022829.00%154.66% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of France.svg  Guadeloupe 1.43782.48612.25562.64962.812640.32%113.14% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 1.63591.06111.05941.00950.965613.84%90.99% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 1.18641.64331.58041.57611.547422.18%94.17% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 0.37530.427122.543813.07617.7116110.55%1,805.62% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 5.23959.710111.41268.04856.884498.70%70.90% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 0.67221.05011.24551.71371.748425.07%166.50% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Greenland.svg  Greenland 1.13061.173112.186110.31959.4650135.69%806.85% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 1.59211.52752.09252.32522.423334.74%158.64% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of France.svg  French Guiana 2.52393.20881.77051.97321.835426.31%57.20% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 7.23275.17855.92207.70269.7509139.79%188.30% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 3.12006.91417.08346.85685.121073.42%74.07% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 2.22481.94802.24142.31642.370433.98%121.69% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 6.50037.13256.85376.33465.941985.19%83.31% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 1.36791.11631.21451.35231.279718.35%114.64% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 8.85549.32597.95567.34986.932099.38%74.33% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 1.89742.35703.06253.86294.472764.12%189.76% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of India.svg  India 1.47741.65101.92562.68082.793840.05%169.22% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 13.560416.135417.882713.991212.5794180.34%77.96% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 7.46675.91839.706611.556011.2022160.60%189.28% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 10.13929.71056.06668.64148.4128120.61%86.64% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 15.794117.360114.463513.702513.7018196.43%78.93% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 18.34256.46737.26396.62486.023686.36%93.14% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 7.39008.99299.86987.12266.697896.02%74.48% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 5.02033.83204.59023.08672.635737.79%68.78% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 2.17023.52244.47903.67893.319547.59%94.24% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 9.742010.615610.929210.25179.4097134.90%88.64% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 19.791121.132715.646416.968817.3295248.44%82.00% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 2.21391.82351.66051.93262.102230.14%115.28% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg  Kyrgyzstan 6.75487.70722.37323.32533.396748.70%44.07% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 3.76012.25832.17962.65462.913541.77%129.01% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati 0.53190.48500.98410.97660.873212.52%180.05% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.45801.62542.29172.60742.643037.89%162.61% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 3.20787.696911.959314.623714.0059200.79%181.97% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 98.212423.751251.599934.838937.9606544.21%159.83% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 2.68551.93502.03964.98475.009771.82%258.89% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 3.03252.98185.26245.97215.434377.91%182.25% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 1.17820.85370.82710.92360.990314.20%116.00% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 61.705519.526518.157313.393315.3179219.60%78.45% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia 0.88391.18421.47071.89222.368533.96%200.02% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 1.64281.33311.65611.95281.830126.24%137.27% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 1.91181.37591.45181.36811.269718.20%92.28% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 9.101812.61666.48177.97237.3716105.68%58.43% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 56.672333.185128.551717.392413.6925196.30%41.26% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 7.607010.23355.21426.05935.975185.66%58.39% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau 1.46802.93914.77385.40693.592451.50%122.23% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 1.50101.81882.43232.86423.027143.40%166.44% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 5.80678.58072.68912.93013.087044.26%35.98% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 3.19052.17661.53621.34421.198917.19%55.08% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 0.27260.68312.65074.77935.136173.63%751.86% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 4.18945.46436.52686.21495.990285.88%109.62% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 7.15227.24806.03785.18535.353776.75%73.86% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 2.04951.58171.75142.21842.295332.91%145.12% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 2.47326.83217.18294.67394.995871.62%73.12% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 2.71941.79112.29072.95053.040043.58%169.73% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 12.411811.86949.920520.373119.0736273.44%160.70% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 1.12390.78360.85781.20471.172716.81%149.66% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 4.95703.27553.32343.32113.312147.48%101.12% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of France.svg  Martinique 1.25232.56402.20382.74122.801040.16%109.25% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 1.09231.87323.14284.78545.011071.84%267.52% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 0.59500.67780.74660.87480.975413.98%143.91% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 3.06675.25509.59029.737310.4986150.51%199.78% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 8.38604.69255.26384.91734.669666.94%99.51% Decrease Positive.svg
Flags of New Caledonia.svg  New Caledonia 12.844211.241913.508219.297719.3466277.36%172.09% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger 2.50761.45751.58471.60771.664923.87%114.23% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 3.33473.01582.87882.14131.880126.95%62.34% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 3.84672.56102.78473.21323.212946.06%125.45% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 14.028115.258013.816112.10799.7151139.28%63.67% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 14.241414.812816.084513.922212.6019180.66%85.07% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Nepal.svg  Nepal 2.10971.68571.46291.82231.836426.33%108.94% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 20.322720.759521.299718.694816.8268241.23%81.06% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 19.579118.466826.539526.155225.5861366.81%138.55% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 1.80741.99702.28142.60272.530336.28%126.71% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 4.20012.98093.88384.08654.186160.01%140.43% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 2.95152.15352.40273.00083.087344.26%143.37% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 2.53241.77271.88882.28162.349833.69%132.56% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Palau.svg  Palau 187.2569154.178792.489857.768761.6548883.90%39.99% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 0.73410.89221.51591.43281.000114.34%112.10% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 14.908413.558710.740410.840910.6204152.26%78.33% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg  Puerto Rico 11.31216.17147.59163.82134.192460.10%67.93% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 6.94558.36924.75083.29483.119844.73%37.28% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 3.44195.97447.96146.98865.884284.36%98.49% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 4.30905.07384.59546.34786.300590.33%124.18% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of French Polynesia.svg  French Polynesia 1.92824.84244.51204.20143.816754.72%78.82% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 221.838961.036796.484172.290067.3770965.94%110.39% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of France.svg  Réunion 1.06531.90493.48303.48723.462249.64%181.75% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 8.794610.46326.53836.14936.096387.40%58.26% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 14.685520.690315.470016.245917.9851257.84%86.92% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 1.15820.85960.61630.66410.66079.47%76.87% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 13.076614.601219.513923.515922.6425324.61%155.07% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Yugoslavia (1992-2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006).svg  Serbia and Montenegro 5.34068.44127.83117.63147.5445108.16%89.38% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 2.82212.43973.01812.63402.419734.69%99.18% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 1.88381.38461.50701.63511.688424.21%121.94% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 3.690711.352111.403612.331411.6671167.26%102.78% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 0.79191.96922.66574.60605.083572.88%258.15% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands 0.85500.87371.04620.96010.883712.67%101.14% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 1.19090.94370.88400.92730.850412.19%90.12% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 1.62551.47992.16111.87471.997228.63%134.95% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 5.43103.42632.91482.10101.952127.99%56.98% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of France.svg  Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7.647314.96764.50416.50816.300890.33%42.10% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 0.54960.76061.02491.15141.155816.57%151.97% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 5.58994.71765.30726.47437.6666109.91%162.51% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 12.760814.12749.65968.70828.3604119.86%59.18% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 8.869810.678511.85599.65938.7822125.90%82.24% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 14.43069.24619.01026.67105.914184.79%63.96% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini 4.25493.88333.04692.25992.279232.67%58.69% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 2.58494.677511.843412.540312.3647177.26%264.34% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 2.50715.15004.89972.46032.262832.44%43.94% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg  Turks and Caicos Islands 0.91690.92601.67602.68592.651138.01%286.29% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 2.49681.86953.63054.71325.206574.64%278.49% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Togo.svg  Togo 0.94320.94241.06691.14321.261818.09%133.90% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 3.26383.92175.82626.51046.668095.59%170.03% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 4.53674.22531.76252.05702.321433.28%54.94% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 20.535123.518321.088121.383420.7968298.15%88.43% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of East Timor.svg  Timor-Leste 1.18200.79141.98832.41881.718024.63%217.09% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 0.93581.98872.35362.74082.514436.05%126.44% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 9.975414.889639.971637.241933.2688476.95%223.44% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 2.14482.90583.61283.77394.107558.89%141.35% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 2.93834.22994.95587.40058.0867115.93%191.18% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 3.70706.921014.694613.515412.8614184.38%185.83% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 1.55281.22431.29281.35341.341819.24%109.60% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 1.39881.05810.99831.09471.124316.12%106.26% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 13.828618.50109.46856.34804.835669.32%26.14% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 10.36449.533411.464111.887411.9124170.78%124.95% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States 27.434924.408024.063618.833517.9011256.63%73.34% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 9.08308.65847.22616.36216.673395.67%77.07% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.61600.81781.17551.55491.392519.96%170.27% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 8.68658.39579.24027.31354.994971.61%59.49% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg  British Virgin Islands 0.93941.29341.80202.29672.284232.75%176.61% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 2.17131.64232.84554.04374.882169.99%297.27% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu 3.48773.27092.69242.30901.914827.45%58.54% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa 1.18051.85282.45163.01722.701638.73%145.81% Increase Negative.svg
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 0.96211.51292.20471.12591.203617.26%79.56% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 10.680510.967311.377910.62778.9095127.73%81.24% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 3.06302.02911.43711.59361.531621.96%75.48% Decrease Positive.svg
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 4.29823.46232.20971.76501.637423.47%47.29% Decrease Positive.svg
GLOBAL AVERAGE6.62136.24206.47026.78286.7623100.00%108.34% Increase Negative.svg

Notes

  1. Greenhouse gases (GHG) constitute a group of gases contributing to global warming and climate change.
    The Kyoto Protocol, an environmental agreement adopted by many of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1997 to curb global warming, nowadays covers seven greenhouse gases:
    • the non-fluorinated gases:
      • carbon dioxide (CO2),
      • methane (CH4),
      • nitrous oxide (N2O),
    • the fluorinated gases:
      • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
      • perfluorocarbons (PFCs),
      • sulphur hexafluoride (SF6),
      • nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
    Converting them to carbon dioxide (or CO2) equivalents makes it possible to compare them and to determine their individual and total contributions to global warming.
  2. Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas, but not the only one. To capture all greenhouse gas emissions, researchers express them in carbon dioxide-equivalents (CO2eq). This takes all greenhouse gases into account, not just CO2. To express all greenhouse gases in carbon dioxide-equivalents (CO2eq), each one is weighted by its ″global warming potential″ (GWP) value. GWP measures the amount of warming a gas creates compared to CO2. CO2 is given a GWP value of one. If a gas had a GWP of 10 then one kilogram of that gas would generate ten times the warming effect as one kilogram of CO2. Carbon dioxide-equivalents are calculated for each gas by multiplying the mass of emissions of a specific greenhouse gas by its GWP factor. This warming can be stated over different timescales. To calculate CO2eq over 100 years, we’d multiply each gas by its GWP over a 100-year timescale (GWP100). Total greenhouse gas emissions – measured in CO2eq – are then calculated by summing each gas’ CO₂eq value. [1]
  3. Global Carbon Project (2022) Global carbon cycle.png
    Global Carbon Project (2022)
    The rate of build-up of GHG in the atmosphere can be reduced by taking advantage of the fact that atmospheric CO2 can accumulate as carbon in vegetation and soils in terrestrial ecosystems. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas (GHG) from the atmosphere is referred to as a "sink". Human activities impact terrestrial sinks, through land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), consequently, the exchange of CO2 (carbon cycle) between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is altered. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global warming potential</span> Potential heat absorbed by a greenhouse gas

Global Warming Potential (GWP) is an index to measure of how much infrared thermal radiation a greenhouse gas would absorb over a given time frame after it has been added to the atmosphere. The GWP makes different greenhouse gases comparable with regards to their "effectiveness in causing radiative forcing". It is expressed as a multiple of the radiation that would be absorbed by the same mass of added carbon dioxide, which is taken as a reference gas. Therefore, the GWP is one for CO2. For other gases it depends on how strongly the gas absorbs infrared thermal radiation, how quickly the gas leaves the atmosphere, and the time frame being considered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kyoto Protocol</span> 1997 international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

The Kyoto Protocol (Japanese: 京都議定書, Hepburn: Kyōto Giteisho) was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There were 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012) to the Protocol in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emission intensity</span> Emission rate of a pollutant

An emission intensity is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP). Emission intensities are used to derive estimates of air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount of fuel combusted, the number of animals in animal husbandry, on industrial production levels, distances traveled or similar activity data. Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities. In some case the related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are used interchangeably. The jargon used can be different, for different fields/industrial sectors; normally the term "carbon" excludes other pollutants, such as particulate emissions. One commonly used figure is carbon intensity per kilowatt-hour (CIPK), which is used to compare emissions from different sources of electrical power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbon footprint</span> Concept to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from activities or products

A carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas footprint) is a calculated value or index that makes it possible to compare the total amount of greenhouse gases that an activity, product, company or country adds to the atmosphere. Carbon footprints are usually reported in tonnes of emissions (CO2-equivalent) per unit of comparison. Such units can be for example tonnes CO2-eq per year, per kilogram of protein for consumption, per kilometer travelled, per piece of clothing and so forth. A product's carbon footprint includes the emissions for the entire life cycle. These run from the production along the supply chain to its final consumption and disposal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</span> Greenhouse gas inventory sector

Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF), also referred to as Forestry and other land use (FOLU) or Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), is defined as a "greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use such as settlements and commercial uses, land-use change, and forestry activities."

Greenhouse gas inventories are emission inventories of greenhouse gas emissions that are developed for a variety of reasons. Scientists use inventories of natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions as tools when developing atmospheric models. Policy makers use inventories to develop strategies and policies for emissions reductions and to track the progress of those policies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse gas emissions</span> Sources and amounts of greenhouse gases emitted to the atmosphere from human activities

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect. This contributes to climate change. Carbon dioxide, from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the United States. The United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Emissions from human activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2017 were 425±20 GtC from fossil fuels and industry, and 180±60 GtC from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</span> Climate changing gases from the North American country

The United States produced 5.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020, the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and among the countries with the highest greenhouse gas emissions per person. In 2019 China is estimated to have emitted 27% of world GHG, followed by the United States with 11%, then India with 6.6%. In total the United States has emitted a quarter of world GHG, more than any other country. Annual emissions are over 15 tons per person and, amongst the top eight emitters, is the highest country by greenhouse gas emissions per person. However, the IEA estimates that the richest decile in the US emits over 55 tonnes of CO2 per capita each year. Because coal-fired power stations are gradually shutting down, in the 2010s emissions from electricity generation fell to second place behind transportation which is now the largest single source. In 2020, 27% of the GHG emissions of the United States were from transportation, 25% from electricity, 24% from industry, 13% from commercial and residential buildings and 11% from agriculture. In 2021, the electric power sector was the second largest source of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 25% of the U.S. total. These greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to climate change in the United States, as well as worldwide.

The climate policy of China is to peak its greenhouse gas emissions before 2030 and to be carbon neutral before 2060. Due to the large buildout of solar power in China and burning of coal in China the energy policy of China is closely related to its climate policy. There is also policy to adapt to climate change. Ding Xuexiang represented China at the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2023, and may be influential in setting climate policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia</span> Release of gases from Australia which contribute to global warming

Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia totalled 533 million tonnes CO2-equivalent based on greenhouse gas national inventory report data for 2019; representing per capita CO2e emissions of 21 tons, three times the global average. Coal was responsible for 30% of emissions. The national Greenhouse Gas Inventory estimates for the year to March 2021 were 494.2 million tonnes, which is 27.8 million tonnes, or 5.3%, lower than the previous year. It is 20.8% lower than in 2005. According to the government, the result reflects the decrease in transport emissions due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, reduced fugitive emissions, and reductions in emissions from electricity; however, there were increased greenhouse gas emissions from the land and agriculture sectors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse gas</span> Gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation at thermal infrared wavelengths

Greenhouse gases are the gases in the atmosphere that raise the surface temperature of planets such as the Earth. What distinguishes them from other gases is that they absorb the wavelengths of radiation that a planet emits, resulting in the greenhouse effect. The Earth is warmed by sunlight, causing its surface to radiate heat, which is then mostly absorbed by greenhouse gases. Without greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 °C (0 °F), rather than the present average of 15 °C (59 °F).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Sweden</span>

Climate change has received significant scientific, public and political attention in Sweden. In 1896, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius was the first scientist to quantify global heating. Sweden has a high energy consumtion per capita, but reducing the dependency on fossil energy has been on the agenda of cabinets of the Governments of Sweden since the 1970s oil crises. In 2014 and 2016, Sweden was ranked #1 in the Global Green Economy Index (GGEI), because the Swedish economy produces relatively low emissions. Sweden has had one of the highest usages of biofuel in Europe and aims at prohibiting new sales of fossil-cars, including hybrid cars, by 2035, and for an energy supply system with zero net atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions by 2045.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) use tens of acronyms and initialisms in documents relating to climate change policy.

The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. A number of governments across the world took a variety of actions.

Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the environmental impacts of electricity generation. Measurement of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions involves calculating the global warming potential of energy sources through life-cycle assessment. These are usually sources of only electrical energy but sometimes sources of heat are evaluated. The findings are presented in units of global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated by that source. The scale uses the global warming potential unit, the carbon dioxide equivalent, and the unit of electrical energy, the kilowatt hour (kWh). The goal of such assessments is to cover the full life of the source, from material and fuel mining through construction to operation and waste management.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change scenario</span> Projections of future greenhouse gas emissions


Climate change scenarios or socioeconomic scenarios are projections of future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions used by analysts to assess future vulnerability to climate change. Scenarios and pathways are created by scientists to survey any long term routes and explore the effectiveness of mitigation and helps us understand what the future may hold. This will allow us to envision the future of human environment system. Producing scenarios requires estimates of future population levels, economic activity, the structure of governance, social values, and patterns of technological change. Economic and energy modelling can be used to analyze and quantify the effects of such drivers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia</span> Greenhouse gas emissions originating from Russia and efforts to reduce them

Greenhouse gas emissionsbyRussia are mostly from fossil gas, oil and coal. Russia emits 2 or 3 billion tonnes CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year; about 4% of world emissions. Annual carbon dioxide emissions alone are about 12 tons per person, more than double the world average. Cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore air pollution in Russia, would have health benefits greater than the cost. The country is the world's biggest methane emitter, and 4 billion dollars worth of methane was estimated to leak in 2019/20.

References

  1. 1 2 "Total greenhouse gas emissions per capita". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data . Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  2. "Territorial (MtCO2)". GlobalCarbonAtlas.org. Retrieved 30 December 2021. (choose "Chart view"; use download link)
    ● Data for 2020 is also presented in Popovich, Nadja; Plumer, Brad (November 12, 2021). "Who Has The Most Historical Responsibility for Climate Change?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021.
    ● Source for country populations: "List of the populations of the world's countries, dependencies, and territories". britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica.
  3. "Greenhouse gas emissions". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data . Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  4. 1 2 3 4 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)". unfccc.int. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  5. Global Carbon Project (2022) Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2022 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Global Carbon Project. https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2022
  6. "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  7. 1 2 3 Joint Research Centre (2023). "GHG emissions of all world countries". EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  8. Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah (11 May 2017). "CO2 and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019.
  9. Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max. "Per capita CO2 emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  10. Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max. "Consumption-based (trade-adjusted) emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  11. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2021). Climate Change 2021 The Physical Science Basis | Summary for Policymakers (PDF). p. 40. ISBN   978-92-9169-158-6.
  12. Klugman, Cornelia. "The EU, a world leader in fighting climate change". European Parliament Think Tank. Retrieved 2023-11-01.

See also