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Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not begin until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on historical data. It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics, and more particularly in the latter half of the 20th century, the development of the computer that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. An important branch of weather forecasting is marine weather forecasting as it relates to maritime and coastal safety, in which weather effects also include atmospheric interactions with large bodies of water.
A barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface troughs, pressure systems and frontal boundaries.
The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, also known as the Great Exhibition or the Crystal Palace Exhibition, was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851. It was the first in a series of world's fairs, exhibitions of culture and industry that became popular in the 19th century. The event was organised by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, husband of Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom.
A meteorologist is a scientist who studies and works in the field of meteorology aiming to understand or predict Earth's atmospheric phenomena including the weather. Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologists in research, while those using mathematical models and knowledge to prepare daily weather forecasts are called weather forecasters or operational meteorologists.
Evangelista Torricelli was an Italian physicist and mathematician, and a student of Galileo. He is best known for his invention of the barometer, but is also known for his advances in optics and work on the method of indivisibles. The torr is named after him.
The timeline of meteorology contains events of scientific and technological advancements in the area of atmospheric sciences. The most notable advancements in observational meteorology, weather forecasting, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric physics are listed chronologically. Some historical weather events are included that mark time periods where advancements were made, or even that sparked policy change.
John Frederic Daniell was an English chemist and physicist.
Cleveland Abbe was an American meteorologist and advocate of time zones.
Thomas Godfrey was a glazier and self-taught mathematician and astronomer in the Pennsylvania Colony, who invented the octant in 1730. A similar octant was also independently invented about the same time by John Hadley in London with Hadley receiving the greater share of the credit for development.
The storm glass or chemical weather glass was an instrument claimed to help predict weather. It consists of a special liquid placed inside a sealed transparent glass. The state of crystallization within the liquid was believed to be related to the weather. The inventor is unknown but the device became popular in the 1860s after being promoted by Royal Navy Admiral Robert FitzRoy who claimed that
if fixed, undisturbed, in free air, not exposed to radiation, fire, or sun, but in the ordinary light of a well-ventilated room or outer air, the chemical mixture in a so-called storm-glass varies in character with the direction of the wind, not its force, specially from another cause, electrical tension.
Merryweather may refer to:
Abraham Follett Osler, known as A. Follett Osler, was a pioneer in the measurement of meteorological and chronological data in Birmingham, England.
The tempest prognosticator, also known as the leech barometer, is a 19th-century invention by George Merryweather in which leeches are used in a barometer. The twelve leeches are kept in small bottles inside the device; when they become agitated by an approaching storm, they attempt to climb out of the bottles and trigger a small hammer which strikes a bell. The likelihood of a storm is indicated by the number of times the bell is struck.
Meteorological instruments, including meteorological sensors, are the equipment used to find the state of the atmosphere at a given time. Each science has its own unique sets of laboratory equipment. Meteorology, however, is a science which does not use much laboratory equipment but relies more on on-site observation and remote sensing equipment. In science, an observation, or observable, is an abstract idea that can be measured and for which data can be taken. Rain was one of the first quantities to be measured historically. Two other accurately measured weather-related variables are wind and humidity. Many attempts had been made prior to the 15th century to construct adequate equipment to measure atmospheric variables.
Charles Brooke FRMS FRS was an English surgeon and inventor.
Edward Joseph Lowe FRS FGS FRAS FLS was a British botanist, meteorologist and astronomer, who published papers on a wide variety of subjects, including luminous meteors, sunspots, the zodiacal light, meteorological observations during the 1860 solar eclipse, conchology, ferns, grasses and other plants.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the field of Meteorology.
Barometer World was the world's only barometer museum, and was located in the village of Merton, near Great Torrington, Devon, England. Barometer World makes, sells and restores barometers of a variety of types. It was established in 1979 by Philip Collins. In March 2022, Barometer World closed its museum and premises in Merton, Devon. It is now an online-only business.
Henry Earle FRS (1789–1838) was an English surgeon.
Stephen Martin Saxby was a British practitioner of a form of meteorological astrology or Pseudo Meteorology in the Victorian Era. Through his calculations he predicted an 1869 storm called the Saxby Gale. Saxby also published a book in 1864 called the Saxby Weather system that taught his methods of Astrological Meteorology. He also distributed lists of days when atmospheric disturbances would occur that were given to sailors of that era so they could anticipate approaching storms. Saxby's Astrological Meteorological methods have inspired others who predict weather using astrology including Ken Ring of New Zealand.
References
- ↑ "JUNE, 1832. HYDROGRAPHY". The Nautical Magazine for 1832. Cambridge University Press. 28 February 2013. pp. 169–224. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139410403.004. ISBN 978-1-139-41040-3 . Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ↑ Anderson, Katharine (2005). Predicting the Weather: Victorians and the Science of Meteorology. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-01968-0.
- ↑ The Weekly Dispatch. 22 March 1851. "London: The Great Exhibition Archived 24 December 2001 at the Wayback Machine ". Accessed 22 January 2007.
- ↑ Simons, Paul (6 November 2004). "Unloved leech is an expert forecaster". The Times. No. 68226. p. 96. ISSN 0140-0460.
He later tried to persuade the government to install the leech jars at seaports to give storm warnings, but was met with a decidedly frosty reception from the Meteorological Department - created in 1854 and the forerunner of today's Met Office - which insisted on using barometers and weather charts instead of leeches.
- ↑ Roth (PhD.), Manfred; Dobos, Gustav (2007). Medicinal Leech Therapy. Thieme. ISBN 978-1-58890-563-5.