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Definitions of knowledge try to determine the essential features of knowledge. Closely related terms are conception of knowledge, theory of knowledge, and analysis of knowledge. Some general features of knowledge are widely accepted among philosophers, for example, that it constitutes a cognitive success or an epistemic contact with reality and that propositional knowledge involves true belief. Most definitions of knowledge in analytic philosophy focus on propositional knowledge or knowledge-that, as in knowing that Dave is at home, in contrast to knowledge-how (know-how) expressing practical competence. However, despite the intense study of knowledge in epistemology, the disagreements about its precise nature are still both numerous and deep. Some of those disagreements arise from the fact that different theorists have different goals in mind: some try to provide a practically useful definition by delineating its most salient feature or features, while others aim at a theoretically precise definition of its necessary and sufficient conditions. Further disputes are caused by methodological differences: some theorists start from abstract and general intuitions or hypotheses, others from concrete and specific cases, and still others from linguistic usage. Additional disagreements arise concerning the standards of knowledge: whether knowledge is something rare that demands very high standards, like infallibility, or whether it is something common that requires only the possession of some evidence.
References
- ↑ Departmental profile at OSU Archived 2007-09-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article
- ↑ Gettier Problem bibliography at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ↑ Suggested epistemology reading list
- ↑ "Berkeley Studies: Editorial Staff". Hampden–Sydney College. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ↑ Pappas, G.S. (1999). "Berkeley and Scepticism". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research . 59 (1): 133–149. doi:10.2307/2653461. JSTOR 2653461.
- ↑ See: Berkeley Prize Winners.
The annual International Berkeley Essay Prize competition was established by Colin Murray Turbayne and his wife in 1990. - ↑ International Berkeley Conferences Archived 2016-05-18 at the Portuguese Web Archive
- ↑ "To be is to be perceived." A core proposition of Berkeley's ontology.
- ↑ Pappas, G.S. (1985). "Abstract ideas and the 'esse is percipi' thesis". In Berman, D. (ed.). George Berkeley: Essays and replies. Proceedings of International Berkeley Conference in Dublin, 1985. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. pp. 47–62. ISBN 0-7165-2395-7.
- ↑ Stroll, Avrum. "Two lines of argumentation in Berkeley's Principles: a reply to George S. Pappas".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) In Essays and replies 1985 , pp. 139–145
- McKim, Robert. "Abstraction and Immaterialism: Recent Interpretations", Berkeley Newsletter 15 (1997–1998): 1–13. - ↑ w Doney (ed), Berkeley on abstraction and abstract ideas, N.Y.; L.: Garland, 1989. — XVII, 434 p. — (Philosophy of George Berkeley; 3; A Garland series)
- ↑ Pappas 2000 , pp. 255–8. Ind.: p.257–261. (See chapter 5 Esse is percipi principle)
- ↑ Allaire, Edwin B. (1963). "Berkeley's Idealism". Theoria . XXIX (3): 229–44. doi:10.1111/j.1755-2567.1963.tb00025.x. Archived from the original (DjVu) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
The article is a classical work of Berkeley scholarship. - ↑ For more detail, see:
- Hausman, A. (1984). "Adhering to inherence: A new look at the old steps in Berkeley's march to idealism". Canadian Journal of Philosophy . 14 (3): 421–443. doi:10.1080/00455091.1984.10716390. S2CID 170386920. (A wide grasp of literature on the "inherence account".)
- Muehlmann, Robert G. (2010) [1995]. "Introduction". Berkeley's Metaphysics: Structural, Interpretive, and Critical Essays. Pennsylvania State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-04228-2. (Muehlmann's Introduction provides further bibliographical information of the various articles in defense and in criticism of this view.)
- Saporiti, Katia (2006). "Ch. IV §2 Die Inhärenzhypothese". Die Wirklichkeit der Dinge: eine Untersuchung des Begriffs der Idee in der Philosophie George Berkeleys. Vittorio Klostermann. ISBN 978-3-465-03510-7.
- ↑ For up-to-date criticism of the "inherence account," see: Bettcher, Talia Mae (Ph. D., California State University, Los Angeles) (November 2008). "Berkeley's Dualistic Ontology" (PDF). Análisis Filosófico . 28 (2): 147–174. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2012.
- ↑ Pappas, G.S. (1980). "Ideas, minds, and Berkeley". Am. Phil. Q. 17 (3): 181–194. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012.
- ↑ Allaire, Edwin B. (1982). "Berkeley's Idealism Revisited". In Turbayne, Colin M. (ed.). Berkeley: Critical and Interpretive Essays. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 197–206. ISBN 978-0-8166-1066-2.
- ↑ Hausman 1984 , p. 422 (note 2)
- ↑ As examples, take:
- Bettcher, Talia Mae (January 2008). Berkeley: A Guide for the Perplexed. Guides for the Perplexed. Continuum Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8264-8991-3.
- Downing, Lisa (Winter 2008). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "George Berkeley". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Flage, Daniel E. (2005). "George Berkeley (1685–1753)". The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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