Group actions in computational anatomy

Main article: Computational anatomy

Group actions are central to Riemannian geometry and defining orbits (control theory). The orbits of computational anatomy consist of anatomical shapes and medical images; the anatomical shapes are submanifolds of differential geometry consisting of points, curves, surfaces and subvolumes,. This generalized the ideas of the more familiar orbits of linear algebra which are linear vector spaces. Medical images are scalar and tensor images from medical imaging. The group actions are used to define models of human shape which accommodate variation. These orbits are deformable templates as originally formulated more abstractly in pattern theory.

The orbit model of computational anatomy

The central model of human anatomy in computational anatomy is a Groups and group action, a classic formulation from differential geometry. The orbit is called the space of shapes and forms. ^[1] The space of shapes are denoted ${\displaystyle m\in {\mathcal {M}}}$, with the group ${\displaystyle ({\mathcal {G}},\circ )}$ with law of composition ${\displaystyle \circ }$; the action of the group on shapes is denoted ${\displaystyle g\cdot m}$, where the action of the group ${\displaystyle g\cdot m\in {\mathcal {M}},m\in {\mathcal {M}}}$ is defined to satisfy

${\displaystyle (g\circ g^{\prime })\cdot m=g\cdot (g^{\prime }\cdot m)\in {\mathcal {M}}.}$

The orbit ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}}$ of the template becomes the space of all shapes, ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}\doteq \{m=g\cdot m_{\mathrm {temp} },g\in {\mathcal {G}}\}}$.

Several group actions in computational anatomy

Main article: Computational anatomy

The central group in CA defined on volumes in ${\displaystyle {\mathbb {R} }^{3}}$ are the diffeomorphism group ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}\doteq \mathrm {Diff} }$ which are mappings with 3-components ${\displaystyle \phi (\cdot )=(\phi _{1}(\cdot ),\phi _{2}(\cdot ),\phi _{3}(\cdot ))}$, law of composition of functions ${\displaystyle \phi \circ \phi ^{\prime }(\cdot )\doteq \phi (\phi ^{\prime }(\cdot ))}$, with inverse ${\displaystyle \phi \circ \phi ^{-1}(\cdot )=\phi (\phi ^{-1}(\cdot ))=\operatorname {id} }$.

Submanifolds: organs, subcortical structures, charts, and immersions

For sub-manifolds ${\displaystyle X\subset {\mathbb {R} }^{3}\in {\mathcal {M}}}$, parametrized by a chart or immersion ${\displaystyle m(u),u\in U}$, the diffeomorphic action the flow of the position

${\displaystyle \phi \cdot m(u)\doteq \phi \circ m(u),u\in U}$.

Scalar images such as MRI, CT, PET

Most popular are scalar images, ${\displaystyle I(x),x\in {\mathbb {R} }^{3}}$, with action on the right via the inverse.

${\displaystyle \phi \cdot I(x)=I\circ \phi ^{-1}(x),x\in {\mathbb {R} }^{3}}$.

Oriented tangents on curves, eigenvectors of tensor matrices

Many different imaging modalities are being used with various actions. For images such that ${\displaystyle I(x)}$ is a three-dimensional vector then

${\displaystyle \varphi \cdot I=((D\varphi )\,I)\circ \varphi ^{-1},}$

${\displaystyle \varphi \star I=((D\varphi ^{T})^{-1}I)\circ \varphi ^{-1}}$

Tensor matrices

Cao et al. ^[2] examined actions for mapping MRI images measured via diffusion tensor imaging and represented via there principle eigenvector. For tensor fields a positively oriented orthonormal basis ${\displaystyle I(x)=(I_{1}(x),I_{2}(x),I_{3}(x))}$ of ${\displaystyle {\mathbb {R} }^{3}}$, termed frames, vector cross product denoted ${\displaystyle I_{1}\times I_{2}}$ then

${\displaystyle \varphi \cdot I=\left({\frac {D\varphi I_{1}}{\|D\varphi \,I_{1}\|}},{\frac {(D\varphi ^{T})^{-1}I_{3}\times D\varphi \,I_{1}}{\|(D\varphi ^{T})^{-1}I_{3}\times D\varphi \,I_{1}\|}},{\frac {(D\varphi ^{T})^{-1}I_{3}}{\|(D\varphi ^{T})^{-1}I_{3}\|}}\right)\circ \varphi ^{-1}\ ,}$

The Frénet frame of three orthonormal vectors, ${\displaystyle I_{1}}$ deforms as a tangent, ${\displaystyle I_{3}}$ deforms like a normal to the plane generated by ${\displaystyle I_{1}\times I_{2}}$, and ${\displaystyle I_{3}}$. H is uniquely constrained by the basis being positive and orthonormal.

For ${\displaystyle 3\times 3}$ non-negative symmetric matrices, an action would become ${\displaystyle \varphi \cdot I=(D\varphi \,ID\varphi ^{T})\circ \varphi ^{-1}}$.

For mapping MRI DTI images ^{[3] [4]} (tensors), then eigenvalues are preserved with the diffeomorphism rotating eigenvectors and preserves the eigenvalues. Given eigenelements ${\displaystyle \{\lambda _{i},e_{i},i=1,2,3\}}$, then the action becomes

${\displaystyle \varphi \cdot I\doteq (\lambda _{1}{\hat {e}}_{1}{\hat {e}}_{1}^{T}+\lambda _{2}{\hat {e}}_{2}{\hat {e}}_{2}^{T}+\lambda _{3}{\hat {e}}_{3}{\hat {e}}_{3}^{T})\circ \varphi ^{-1}}$

${\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{1}={\frac {D\varphi e_{1}}{\|D\varphi e_{1}\|}}\ ,{\hat {e}}_{2}={\frac {D\varphi e_{2}-\langle {\hat {e}}_{1},(D\varphi e_{2}\rangle {\hat {e}}_{1}}{\|D\varphi e_{2}-\langle {\hat {e}}_{1},(D\varphi e_{2}\rangle {\hat {e}}_{1}\|}}\ ,\ {\hat {e}}_{3}\doteq {\hat {e}}_{1}\times {\hat {e}}_{2}\ .}$

Orientation Distribution Function and High Angular Resolution HARDI

Further information: Computational_anatomy § Diffusion_tensor_image_matching_in_computational_anatomy, and LDDMM § LDDMM ODF

Orientation distribution function (ODF) characterizes the angular profile of the diffusion probability density function of water molecules and can be reconstructed from High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI). The ODF is a probability density function defined on a unit sphere, ${\displaystyle {\mathbb {S} }^{2}}$. In the field of information geometry, ^[5] the space of ODF forms a Riemannian manifold with the Fisher-Rao metric. For the purpose of LDDMM ODF mapping, the square-root representation is chosen because it is one of the most efficient representations found to date as the various Riemannian operations, such as geodesics, exponential maps, and logarithm maps, are available in closed form. In the following, denote square-root ODF (${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\text{ODF}}}}$) as ${\displaystyle \psi ({\bf {s}})}$, where ${\displaystyle \psi ({\bf {s}})}$ is non-negative to ensure uniqueness and ${\displaystyle \int _{{\bf {s}}\in {\mathbb {S} }^{2}}\psi ^{2}({\bf {s}})d{\bf {s}}=1}$.

Denote diffeomorphic transformation as ${\displaystyle \phi }$. Group action of diffeomorphism on ${\displaystyle \psi ({\bf {s}})}$, ${\displaystyle \phi \cdot \psi }$, needs to guarantee the non-negativity and ${\displaystyle \int _{{\bf {s}}\in {\mathbb {S} }^{2}}\phi \cdot \psi ^{2}({\bf {s}})d{\bf {s}}=1}$. Based on the derivation in, ^[6] this group action is defined as

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(D\phi )\psi \circ \phi ^{-1}(x)={\sqrt {\frac {\det {{\bigl (}D_{\phi ^{-1}}\phi {\bigr )}^{-1}}}{\left\|{{\bigl (}D_{\phi ^{-1}}\phi {\bigr )}^{-1}}{\bf {s}}\right\|^{3}}}}\quad \psi \left({\frac {(D_{\phi ^{-1}}\phi {\bigr )}^{-1}{\bf {s}}}{\|(D_{\phi ^{-1}}\phi {\bigr )}^{-1}{\bf {s}}\|}},\phi ^{-1}(x)\right),\end{aligned}}}$

where ${\displaystyle (D\phi )}$ is the Jacobian of ${\displaystyle \phi }$.

References

1. Miller, Michael I.; Younes, Laurent; Trouvé, Alain (2014-03-01). "Diffeomorphometry and geodesic positioning systems for human anatomy". Technology. 2 (1): 36. doi:10.1142/S2339547814500010. ISSN   2339-5478. PMC   4041578 . PMID   24904924.
2. Cao Y1, Miller MI, Winslow RL, Younes, Large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping of vector fields. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2005 Sep;24(9):1216-30.
3. Alexander, D. C.; Pierpaoli, C.; Basser, P. J.; Gee, J. C. (2001-11-01). "Spatial transformations of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 20 (11): 1131–1139. doi:10.1109/42.963816. ISSN   0278-0062. PMID   11700739. S2CID   6559551.
4. Cao, Yan; Miller, Michael I.; Mori, Susumu; Winslow, Raimond L.; Younes, Laurent (2006-07-05). "Diffeomorphic Matching of Diffusion Tensor Images". 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'06). Vol. 2006. p. 67. doi:10.1109/CVPRW.2006.65. ISBN   978-0-7695-2646-1. ISSN   1063-6919. PMC   2920614 . PMID   20711423.
5. Amari, S (1985). Differential-Geometrical Methods in Statistics. Springer.
6. Du, J; Goh, A; Qiu, A (2012). "Diffeomorphic metric mapping of high angular resolution diffusion imaging based on Riemannian structure of orientation distribution functions". IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 31 (5): 1021–1033. doi:10.1109/TMI.2011.2178253. PMID   22156979. S2CID   11533837.