Guns, goons, and gold

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The phrase "guns, goons, and gold," sometimes referred to as the "Three Gs of Philippine Politics" [1] was a catchphrase coined by media to describe the violence and vote-buying that characterized the political campaign period in the Philippines, [2] beginning with the presidential reelection campaign of 1969, [3] [4] [5] declining only with the advent of electronic voting machines during the elections of 2010. [6] [7]

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References

  1. "Elections 2007: 3Gs rear hideous head on campaign's Day 3". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  2. DROGIN, BOB (1992-02-10). "'Guns, Goons, Gold' Time in Philippines : Elections: Authorities brace for traditional violence and cheating as campaigns get under way". Los Angeles Times. ISSN   0458-3035 . Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  3. An anarchy of families : state and family in the Philippines. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. 2009. ISBN   9780299229849. OCLC   223848773.
  4. Morallo, Audrey. "Sabotaging the System | 31 years of amnesia". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  5. "Protecting the vote". Sun Star Philippines. 2016-02-29. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  6. Smith, Tom (2010-05-05). "Philippine election plays more like a soap opera". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  7. Rood, Steven (2010-05-12). "Philippine Election Update: Results Reported in Record Time, Largely Peaceful, Now What? - The Asia Foundation". The Asia Foundation. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  8. "In Focus: Edie Romero's "Passionate Strangers" Opens Festival of Restored Filipino Films". National Commission for Culture and the Arts . July 12, 2004. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2017.