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Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against the rival state of Cao Wei from 228 to 234 during the Three Kingdoms period in China. All five expeditions were led by Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor and regent of Shu. Although they proved unsuccessful and ended up as a stalemate, the expeditions have become some of the best known conflicts of the Three Kingdoms period and one of the few battles during it where each side fought against each other with hundreds of thousands of troops, as opposed to other battles where one side had a huge numerical advantage.
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Pei Wei, courtesy name Yimin, was a Chinese essayist, philosopher, physician, and politician of the Western Jin dynasty. He was the cousin of Jia Nanfeng and rose to prominence during the reign of her husband, Sima Zhong. Pei Wei was seen by traditional historian as one of Empress Jia's exemplary supporters along with Zhang Hua and Jia Mo. He pushed for a number of significant reforms during his tenure which met with mixed success before his execution by the Prince of Zhao, Sima Lun, in May 300 following Sima Lun's coup.
Liu Hong (236–306), courtesy name Heji or Shuhe, was a military general and politician of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was most known for his role as Inspector of Jingzhou between 303 and 306. After quelling the revolt of Zhang Chang, Liu Hong ushered Jingzhou into a brief period of peace and stability, making it a haven for refugees fleeing the various conflicts happening throughout most parts of China at the time. His administration made him a revered figure among the people, and traditional historians praised him as a model governor.
Tufa Shujineng's Rebellion, also known as the Qin and Liang Provinces Rebellion, was a tribal rebellion against the Western Jin dynasty from c.July 270 to early 280 during the Three Kingdoms period. It was led by the Xianbei chieftain Tufa Shujineng, who was joined by several tribal ethnic groups such as the Qiang and Di living in northwestern China. The rebellion lasted nearly a decade and reached its peak in 279 when rebel forces captured Liang province. However, the end of that same year would also see its end as Jin forces decisively defeated Shujineng and pacified the tribes.
References
- ↑ (與賈充素相親遇，充妻待彰若同生。) Jin Shu, vol.40
- ↑ (武帝欲以琦為佐著作郎，問琦族人尚書郭彰。彰素疾琦，答云：「不識」。帝曰：「若如卿言，烏丸家兒能事卿，即堪為郎矣。」) Jin Shu, vol.94
- ↑ (於是賈謐、郭彰權勢愈盛，賓客盈門。謐雖驕奢而好學，喜延士大夫，郭彰...) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.82
- ↑ (岐盛說瑋：「宜因兵勢，遂誅賈、郭以正王室，安天下。」) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.82
- ↑ (世人稱爲「賈郭」，謂謐及彰也。) Jin Shu, vol.40
- ↑ (由是權在羣下，政出多門，勢位之家，更相薦託，有如互市。賈、郭恣橫，貨賂公行。南陽魯褒作《錢神論》以譏之曰：「錢之爲體，有《乾》、《坤》之象，親之如兄，字曰孔方。無德而尊，無勢而熱，排金門，入紫闥，危可使安，死可使活，貴可使賤，生可使殺。是故忿爭非錢不勝，幽滯非錢不拔，怨讎非錢不解，令聞非錢不發。洛中朱衣、當塗之士，愛我家兄，皆無已已，執我之手，抱我終始。凡今之人，惟錢而已！」) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.83
- ↑ (頌遷吏部尚書，建九班之制，欲令百官居職希遷，考課能否，明其賞罰。賈、郭用權，仕者欲速，事竟不行。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.83
- ↑ (其後武庫火，尚書郭彰率百人自衛而不救火，暾正色詰之。彰怒曰：「我能截君角也。」暾勃然謂彰曰：「君何敢恃寵作威作福，天子法冠而欲截角乎！」求紙筆奏之，彰伏不敢言，眾人解釋，乃止。彰久貴豪侈，每出輒眾百餘人。自此之後，務從簡素。) Jin Shu, vol.45
- ↑ (卒，諡曰烈。) Jin Shu, vol.40
- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian .