In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro. The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova from their ovaries and letting sperm fertilise them in a culture medium in a laboratory. After the fertilised egg (zygote) undergoes embryo culture for 2–6 days, it is implanted in a uterus, with the intention of establishing a successful pregnancy.
Baby M was the pseudonym used in the case In re Baby M, 537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396 for the infant whose legal parentage was in question.
Family planning is "the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility." Family planning may involve consideration of the number of children a woman wishes to have, including the choice to have no children and the age at which she wishes to have them. These matters are influenced by external factors such as marital situation, career considerations, financial position, and any disabilities that may affect their ability to have children and raise them. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction.
Chori Chori Chupke Chupke is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Abbas–Mustan, with screenplay and story from Javed Siddiqui and Neeraj Vora respectively. Starring Salman Khan, Rani Mukerji and Preity Zinta, the film's music is composed by Anu Malik and lyrics are penned by Sameer. Telling the story of a married couple hiring a young prostitute as a surrogate mother, the film generated controversy during its release for dealing with the taboo issue of surrogate childbirth in India.
Surrogacy is an arrangement, often supported by a legal agreement, whereby a woman agrees to bear a child for another person or people, who will become the child's parent(s) after birth.
A crisis pregnancy center (CPC), sometimes called a pregnancy resource center (PRC), is a type of nonprofit organization established to persuade pregnant women against having an abortion. CPCs generally provide peer counseling related to pregnancy, childbirth, and not having an abortion, and may also offer additional non-medical services such as financial assistance, child-rearing resources, and adoption referrals. CPCs that qualify as medical clinics may also provide pregnancy testing, sonograms, and other services. However, CPCs have also frequently been found to disseminate false medical information, usually about the supposed physical and mental health risks of abortion, but sometimes also about the effectiveness of condoms and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections.
Fertility clinics are medical clinics that assist couples, and sometimes individuals, who want to become parents but for medical reasons have been unable to achieve this goal via the natural course. Clinics apply a number of diagnosis tests and sometimes very advanced medical treatments to achieve conceptions and pregnancies.
Abortion in India has been legal under various circumstances for the last 50 years with the introduction of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in 1971. The Act was amended in 2003 to enable women's accessibility to safe and legal abortion services.
Fertility tourism is the practice of traveling to another country or jurisdiction for fertility treatment, and may be regarded as a form of medical tourism. One can usually be considered as having fertility issues when they are unable to have a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of attempts with intercourse. Infertility, or the inability to get pregnant, affects about 8-12% of couples looking to conceive or 186 million people globally. In some places, rates of infertility surpass the global average and can go up to 30% depending on the country. Areas with lack of resources, such as assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), tend to correlate with the highest rates of infertility.
Sperm donation is the provision by a man of his sperm with the intention that it be used in the artificial insemination or other 'fertility treatment' of a woman or women who are not his sexual partners in order that they may become pregnant by him. Where pregnancies go to full term, the sperm donor will be the biological father of every baby born from his donations.
Child harvesting or Baby harvesting refers to the systematic sale of human children, typically for adoption by families in the developed world, but sometimes for other purposes, including trafficking. The term covers a wide variety of situations and degrees of economic, social, and physical coercion. Child harvesting programs or the locations at which they take place are sometimes referred to as baby factories or baby farms.
Surrogacy in India and Indian surrogates became increasingly popular amongst intended parents in industrialised nations because of the relatively low costs and easy access offered by Indian surrogacy agencies. Clinics charged patients between $10,000 and $28,000 for the complete package, including fertilization, the surrogate's fee, and delivery of the baby at a hospital. Including the costs of flight tickets, medical procedures and hotels, this represented roughly a third of the price of the procedure in the UK and a fifth of that in the US. Surrogate mothers received medical, nutritional and overall health care through surrogacy agreements.
A ova bank, or cryobank or egg cell bank is a facility that collects and stores human ova, mainly from ova donors, primarily for the purpose of achieving pregnancies of either the donor, at a later time, or through third party reproduction, notably by artificial insemination. Ova donated in this way are known as donor ova.
The Akanksha Infertility Clinic is a women's health centre located in Anand, Gujarat, India, and headed by Dr Nayna Patel. The clinic was founded in 1999, and was originally focused on In Vitro Fertilization. India declared commercial surrogacy legal in 2002; however the clinic did not begin to do surrogacy until 2004. Patel, who appeared on Oprah Winfrey's talk show in 2007, has produced more than 1000 surrogate babies as of October 2015.
Commodification of the womb is the process by which services performed by the female womb are offered for sale and purchased on the market. Basically it is commercial surrogacy viewed from a Marxian standpoint. The market transaction reduces the womb to merely a service provider in the marketplace. In Marxian terms, the womb in its commodified state has both exchange value and use value. Market transactions involving the services of women's wombs became increasingly common in the early twenty-first century. Such transactions are generally relied upon by those unable to conceive and those who are willing to pay someone else to bear pregnancy. Commodification of the womb raises several ethical and legal questions, which have expanded from questions regarding the rights of surrogates and biological parents, and the legitimacy of a child resulting from the transaction, to questions regarding transnational surrogacy within a global market.
Adrienne Arieff is an entrepreneur and author of several books, including the controversial book The Sacred Thread. She wrote The Sacred Thread after traveling to India and hiring a woman there to serve as a surrogate mother for her twin daughters that were conceived via in vitro fertilisation. Arieff’s positive treatment of surrogacy prompted debate over the ethical and legal status of paying poor women to serve as surrogate mothers.
Nandita Palshetkar is a medical director and IVF & Infertility specialist in India. She is the president of Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI) elected in 2019. She is also the first vice president of FOGSI.
Bavishi Fertility Institute is an India based centre for the treatment of infertility and care. The hospital specialises in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and surrogacy. The institute is located in five cities Ahmedabad, Surat, Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata.
Mimi is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film directed by Laxman Utekar who co-wrote the film with Rohan Shankar. A remake of the Marathi film Mala Aai Vhhaychy! (2011) by Samruddhi Porey, it is jointly produced by Dinesh Vijan under his banner Maddock Films and Jio Studios, and stars Kriti Sanon in the titular role a young woman who opts to be a surrogate mother for a foreign couple. Pankaj Tripathi, Sai Tamhankar, Manoj Pahwa, Supriya Pathak, Evelyn Edwards and Aidan Whytock feature in supporting roles.
Duru Shah is a Mumbai-based Gynecologist and academic. She is the founder and president of PCOS Society and a promoter of women's health and adolescents health in India. Shah is also the guide for postgraduate students in Obs. Gyn. for Doctorate of Medicine at Mumbai University. She is the Scientific Director of Gynaecworld and the Gynaecworld Assisted Fertility Center, Mumbai. Dr Duru Shah has authored 5 books and published various research articles. Shah is also the promoter of Metropolis Healthcare Ltd. She is a member of the Editorial board of The Obstetrician & Gynecologist (TOG), Climacteric and the Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. In 2000, Dr Shah initiated Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) called “Growing Up.Dr. Shah is also the founding member and trustee of the Women’s Empowerment Foundation, a non-profit organization established in 2014 that focuses on gender violence and women’s rights.
