| Halolaelaps subtilis | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Subclass: | Acari |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Halolaelapidae |
| Genus: | Halolaelaps |
| Species: | H. subtilis |
| Binomial name | |
| Halolaelaps subtilis (Leitner, 1946) | |
Halolaelaps subtilis is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae. [1]
Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Firmicutes, with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of certain bacteria; and the plural Bacilli is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. Bacillus species can be either obligate aerobes: oxygen dependent; or facultative anaerobes: having the ability to continue living in the absence of oxygen. Cultured Bacillus species test positive for the enzyme catalase if oxygen has been used or is present.
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. The name "endospore" is suggestive of a spore or seed-like form, but it is not a true spore. It is a stripped-down, dormant form to which the bacterium can reduce itself. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria. In endospore formation, the bacterium divides within its cell wall, and one side then engulfs the other. Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. There are many reports of spores remaining viable over 10,000 years, and revival of spores millions of years old has been claimed. There is one report of viable spores of Bacillus marismortui in salt crystals approximately 250 million years old. When the environment becomes more favorable, the endospore can reactivate itself to the vegetative state. Most types of bacteria cannot change to the endospore form. Examples of bacterial species that can form endospores include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Clostridium botulinum, and Clostridium tetani.
Nattō (納豆) is a traditional Japanese food made from soybeans that have been fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. It is often served as a breakfast food. It is served with karashi mustard, soy or tare sauce, and sometimes Japanese bunching onion. Nattō is often considered an acquired taste because of its powerful smell, strong flavor, and sticky, slimy texture. Within Japan, nattō is most popular in the eastern regions, including Kantō, Tōhoku, and Hokkaido, and a 2009 survey revealed that 70.2% of Japanese people find the taste pleasant, and others who may not find the taste of the food pleasant still eat it for health benefits.
Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans. A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and can form a tough, protective endospore, allowing it to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. B. subtilis has historically been classified as an obligate aerobe, though evidence exists that it is a facultative anaerobe. B. subtilis is considered the best studied Gram-positive bacterium and a model organism to study bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation. It is one of the bacterial champions in secreted enzyme production and used on an industrial scale by biotechnology companies.
Subtilisin is a protease initially obtained from Bacillus subtilis.
The southern birch mouse is a species of birch mouse in the family Dipodidae. It is found on the Balkan Peninsula, Ukraine, Romania, southern Russia and one isolated location in Hungary in the Borsodi Mezőség Protected Landscape Area. The Hungarian subspecies (S. subtilis trizona) is critically endangered and strictly protected. The first living specimen was captured after a 70-year-long hiatus in 2006.
Spore photoproduct lyase is a radical SAM enzyme that repairs DNA cross linking of thymine bases caused by UV-radiation. There are several types of thymine cross linking, but SPL specifically targets 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine, which is also called spore photoproduct (SP). Spore photoproduct is the predominant type of thymine crosslinking in germinating endospores, which is why SPL is unique to organisms that produce endospores, such as Bacillus subtilis. Other types of thymine crosslinking, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs), are less commonly formed in endospores. These differences in DNA crosslinking are a function of differing DNA structure. Spore genomic DNA features many DNA binding proteins called small acid soluble proteins, which changes the DNA from the traditional B-form conformation to an A-from conformation. This difference in conformation is believed to be the reason why dormant spores predominantly accumulate SP in response to UV-radiation, rather than other forms of cross linking. Spores cannot repair cross-linking while dormant, instead the SPs are repaired during germination to allow the vegetative cell to function normally. When not repaired, spore photoproduct and other types of crosslinking can cause mutations by blocking transcription and replication past the point of the crosslinking. The repair mechanism utilizing spore photoproduct lyase is one of the reasons for the resilience of certain bacterial spores.
pHT01 is a plasmid used as a cloning vector for expressing proteins in Bacillus subtilis. It is 7,956 base pairs in length. pHT01 carries Pgrac, an artificial, strong promoter consisting of the Bacillus subtilisgroE promoter, lac operator, and gsiB ribosome binding site that is IPTG-inducible. It was first found on plasmid pNDH33. The plasmid also carries replication regions from the pMTLBs72. The plasmid also carries genes to confer resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol.
Halolaelaps is a genus of mites in the family Halolaelapidae. There are more than 30 described species in Halolaelaps.
Halolaelaps areolatus is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae.
Halolaelaps celticus is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae.
Halolaelaps coxalis is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae.
Halolaelaps marinus is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae. It is found in Europe.
Halolaelaps saproincisus is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae.
Halolaelaps sculpturatus is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae.
Halolaelaps sexclavatus is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae.
Halolaelaps strenzkei is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae.
Rastrimonas is a monotypic genus of parasitic alveolates in the phylum Apicomplexa. It contains the single species Rastrimonas subtilis. It was described in 2002 from the free-living cryptomonad Chilomonas paramaecium and placed in the new genus Cryptophagus. The following year this was renamed Rastrimonas.
Exobiology Radiation Assembly (ERA) was an experiment that investigated the biological effects of space radiation. An astrobiology mission developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), it took place aboard the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA), an unmanned 4.5 tonne satellite with a payload of 15 experiments.
Persoonia subtilis is a plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to south-east Queensland. It is a spreading to low-lying shrub with many stems, branchlets that are hairy when young, linear leaves and yellow flowers in groups of up to eighteen on a rachis up to 50 mm (2.0 in) long.