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Yamhad was an ancient Semitic-speaking kingdom centered on Ḥalab (Aleppo) in Syria. The kingdom emerged at the end of the 19th century BC and was ruled by the Yamhad dynasty, who counted on both military and diplomacy to expand their realm. From the beginning of its establishment, the kingdom withstood the aggressions of its neighbors Mari, Qatna and the Old Assyrian Empire, and was turned into the most powerful Syrian kingdom of its era through the actions of its king Yarim-Lim I. By the middle of the 18th century BC, most of Syria minus the south came under the authority of Yamhad, either as a direct possession or through vassalage, and for nearly a century and a half, Yamhad dominated northern, northwestern and eastern Syria, and had influence over small kingdoms in Mesopotamia at the borders of Elam. The kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Hittites, then annexed by Mitanni in the 16th century BC.
Alalakh is an ancient archaeological site approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Antakya in what is now Turkey's Hatay Province. It flourished, as an urban settlement, in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, c. 2000-1200 BC. The city contained palaces, temples, private houses and fortifications. The remains of Alalakh have formed an extensive mound covering around 22 hectares. In Late Bronze Age, Alalakh was the capital of the local kingdom of Mukiš.
Mari was an ancient Semitic city-state in modern-day Syria. Its remains form a tell 11 kilometers north-west of Abu Kamal on the Euphrates River western bank, some 120 kilometers southeast of Deir ez-Zor. It flourished as a trade center and hegemonic state between 2900 BC and 1759 BC. The city was built in the middle of the Euphrates trade routes between Sumer in the south and the Eblaite kingdom and the Levant in the west.
The chronology of the ancient Near East is a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties. Historical inscriptions and texts customarily record events in terms of a succession of officials or rulers: "in the year X of king Y". Comparing many records pieces together a relative chronology relating dates in cities over a wide area.
Diniktum, inscribed Di-ni-ik-tumKI, was a middle bronze-age town located somewhere in the Diyala Governorate of Iraq. On the Tigris river downstream from Upi and close to the northern border of Elam. It is possibly at or in the vicinity of Tell Muḥammad, which lies in south-eastern part of modern Baghdad. Diniktum mentioned in the Harmal geographical list.
Yarim-Lim I, also given as Yarimlim, was the second king of the ancient Amorite kingdom of Yamhad in modern-day Aleppo, Syria.
Sumu-Epuh is the first attested king of Yamhad (Halab). He founded the Yamhad dynasty which controlled northern Syria throughout the 17th and 18th centuries BC.
Hammurabi I is the third attested king of Yamhad (Halab).
Abba-El I was the king of Yamhad (Halab), succeeding his father Hammurabi I.
Yarim-Lim II was the king of Yamhad succeeding his father Abba-El I.
Niqmi-Epuh, also given as Niqmepa was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding his father Yarim-Lim II
Irkabtum was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding his father Niqmi-Epuh.
Yarim-Lim III was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Hammurabi II.
Sarra-El also written Šarran was a prince of Yamhad who might have regained the throne after the assassination of the Hittite king Mursili I.
Hammurabi III was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Yarim-Lim III.
Urshu, Warsuwa or Urshum was a Hurrian-Amorite city-state in southern Turkey, probably located on the west bank of the Euphrates, and north of Carchemish.
Hassum was a Hurrian city-state, located in southern Turkey most probably on the Euphrates river north of Carchemish.
Yarim-Lim was a king of Alalakh and son of Hammurabi I of Yamhad. He was granted the city of Alalakh by his brother Abba-El I of Yamhad and started a cadet branch of the Yamhadite dynasty that lasted until the conquest of Alalakh by the Hittite king Hattusili I.
The Yamhad dynasty was an ancient Amorite royal family founded in c. 1810 BC by Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad who had his capital in the city of Aleppo. Started as a local dynasty, the family expanded its influence through the actions of its energetic ruler Yarim-Lim I who turned it into the most influential family in the Levant through both diplomatic and military tools. At its height the dynasty controlled most of northern Syria and the modern Turkish province of Hatay with a cadet branch ruling in the city of Alalakh.
Yarim-Lim may refer to the following ancient kings.
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Citations
- ↑ Wilfred van Soldt (2000). "Syrian Chronology in the Old and Early Middle Babylonian Periods". Akkadica. 119–200: 105.
- ↑ Soldt, Wilfred H. van. Syrian Chronology in the Old and Early Middle Babylonian Periods, Akkadica 119-20.
- 1 2 3 4 wilfred van soldt (1999). Akkadica, Volumes 111-120. p. 106.
- ↑ Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. p. 244. ISBN 9780521082303.
- ↑ Eva Von Dassow (2008). State and society in the late Bronze Age: Alalaḫ under the Mittani Empire. p. 14. ISBN 9781934309148.