Hammurabi II | |
---|---|
Great King of Yamhad | |
Reign | Middle 17th century BC |
Predecessor | Irkabtum |
Successor | Yarim-Lim III |
Hammurabi II (reigned Middle 17th century BC - Middle chronology) was an obscure king of Yamhad (Halab), probably reigning after Irkabtum. [1] [2]
Hammurabi II was confused with Hammurabi III, [3] the king of Yamhad who was mentioned as the son of the king of Halab in the annals of Hattusili I. [4]
The Alalakh tablets AlT 21 and AlT 22, (naturally made before the destruction of Alalakh) [5] mentions Hammurabi as king, while the Hammurabi mentioned in the Hittites annals (after the destruction of Alalakh) [3] was attested as the son of king Yarim-Lim and since the destruction of Alalakh occurred while Yarim-Lim III was king, then the Hammurabi in tablets AlT 21 and 22 can not be the same Hammurabi, son and successor of Yarim-Lim III. [3]
Nothing (except his existence) is known about Hammurabi II. His filiation is unknown but since he is mentioned before the destruction of Alalakh (and Yarim-Lim III was the king during and after the destruction) then he must have been succeeded by Yarim-Lim III (but even this is under debate). [3]
Yamhad (Yamḫad) was an ancient Semitic-speaking kingdom centered on Ḥalab (Aleppo) in Syria. The kingdom emerged at the end of the 19th century BC and was ruled by the Yamhad dynasty, who counted on both military and diplomacy to expand their realm. From the beginning of its establishment, the kingdom withstood the aggressions of its neighbors Mari, Qatna and the Old Assyrian Empire, and was turned into the most powerful Syrian kingdom of its era through the actions of its king Yarim-Lim I. By the middle of the 18th century BC, most of Syria minus the south came under the authority of Yamhad, either as a direct possession or through vassalage, and for nearly a century and a half, Yamhad dominated northern, northwestern and eastern Syria, and had influence over small kingdoms in Mesopotamia at the borders of Elam. The kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Hittites, then annexed by Mitanni in the 16th century BC.
Alalakh is an ancient archaeological site approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Antakya in what is now Turkey's Hatay Province. It flourished, as an urban settlement, in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, c. 2000-1200 BC. The city contained palaces, temples, private houses and fortifications. The remains of Alalakh have formed an extensive mound covering around 22 hectares. In the Late Bronze Age, Alalakh was the capital of the local kingdom of Mukiš.
Zimri-Lim was in the Middle Bronze Age the king of Mari.
Diniktum, inscribed Di-ni-ik-tumKI, was a still unlocated middle bronze-age town often thought to be located somewhere in the Diyala Governorate of Iraq.
Yarim-Lim I, also given as Yarimlim, was the second king of the ancient Amorite kingdom of Yamhad in modern-day Aleppo, Syria.
Sumu-Epuh is the first attested king of Yamhad (Halab). He founded the Yamhad dynasty which controlled northern Syria throughout the 17th and 18th centuries BC.
Hammurabi I is the third attested king of Yamhad (Halab).
Abba-El I was the fourth great king of Yamhad (Halab), succeeding his father Hammurabi I.
Yarim-Lim II was the king of Yamhad succeeding his father Abba-El I.
Niqmi-Epuḫ, also given as Niqmepa was the king of Yamḫad (Halab) succeeding his father Yarim-Lim II.
Irkabtum was the king of Yamhad (Halab), succeeding his father Niqmi-Epuh.
Yarim-Lim III was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Hammurabi II.
Sarra-El also written Šarran was a prince of Yamhad who might have regained the throne after the assassination of the Hittite king Mursili I.
Hammurabi III was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Yarim-Lim III.
The Kingdom of Ḫana was the Syrian kingdom from Hana Land in the middle Euphrates region north of Mari, which included the ancient city of Terqa. The kingdom was a successor to the Kingdom of Mari and emerged during the decline of the First Babylonian Dynasty. A newer view is that only the initial six rulers lived during that time and that after an interregnum, Khana re-emerged in the Middle Babylonian period under the last six kings. The Low Chronology dating scheme for Hana has gained much support. The kingdom was located in the middle Euphrates close to the junction of Khabur River. Its capital was the town of Terqa or possibly Saggarâtum.
Urshu, Warsuwa or Urshum was a Hurrian-Amorite city-state in southern Turkey, probably located on the west bank of the Euphrates, and north of Carchemish.
Hassum was a Hurrian city-state, located in southern Turkey most probably on the Euphrates river north of Carchemish.
Yarim-Lim was a king of Alalakh and son of Hammurabi I of Yamhad. He was granted the city of Alalakh by his brother Abba-El I of Yamhad and started a cadet branch of the Yamhadite dynasty that lasted until the conquest of Alalakh by the Hittite king Hattusili I.
The Yamhad dynasty was an ancient Amorite royal family founded in c. 1810 BC by Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad who had his capital in the city of Aleppo. Started as a local dynasty, the family expanded its influence through the actions of its energetic ruler Yarim-Lim I who turned it into the most influential family in the Levant through both diplomatic and military tools. At its height the dynasty controlled most of northern Syria and the modern Turkish province of Hatay with a cadet branch ruling in the city of Alalakh.
Yarim-Lim may refer to the following ancient kings.