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Mitanni, c. 1550–1260 BC, earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts, c. 1600 BC; Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat in Assyrian records, or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state with Indo-Aryan linguistic influences in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia. Since no histories or royal annals/chronicles have yet been found in its excavated sites, knowledge about Mitanni is sparse compared to the other powers in the area, and dependent on what its neighbours commented in their texts.
Yamhad was an ancient Semitic-speaking kingdom centered on Ḥalab (Aleppo) in Syria. The kingdom emerged at the end of the 19th century BC and was ruled by the Yamhad dynasty, who counted on both military and diplomacy to expand their realm. From the beginning of its establishment, the kingdom withstood the aggressions of its neighbors Mari, Qatna and the Old Assyrian Empire, and was turned into the most powerful Syrian kingdom of its era through the actions of its king Yarim-Lim I. By the middle of the 18th century BC, most of Syria minus the south came under the authority of Yamhad, either as a direct possession or through vassalage, and for nearly a century and a half, Yamhad dominated northern, northwestern and eastern Syria, and had influence over small kingdoms in Mesopotamia at the borders of Elam. The kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Hittites, then annexed by Mitanni in the 16th century BC.
Ebla was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria. Its remains constitute a tell located about 55 km (34 mi) southwest of Aleppo near the village of Mardikh. Ebla was an important center throughout the 3rd millennium BC and in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Its discovery proved the Levant was a center of ancient, centralized civilization equal to Egypt and Mesopotamia and ruled out the view that the latter two were the only important centers in the Near East during the Early Bronze Age. The first Eblaite kingdom has been described as the first recorded world power.
Qatna was an ancient city located in Homs Governorate, Syria. Its remains constitute a tell situated about 18 km (11 mi) northeast of Homs near the village of al-Mishrifeh. The city was an important center through most of the second millennium BC and in the first half of the first millennium BC. It contained one of the largest royal palaces of Bronze Age Syria and an intact royal tomb that has provided a great amount of archaeological evidence on the funerary habits of that period.
Alalakh is an ancient archaeological site approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Antakya in what is now Turkey's Hatay Province. It flourished, as an urban settlement, in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, c. 2000-1200 BC. The city contained palaces, temples, private houses and fortifications. The remains of Alalakh have formed an extensive mound covering around 22 hectares. In Late Bronze Age, Alalakh was the capital of the local kingdom of Mukiš.
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Idrimi was the king of Alalakh c. 1490–1465 BC, or around 1450 BC. He is known, mainly, from an inscription on his statue found at Alalakh by Leonard Woolley in 1939. According to that inscription, he was a son of Ilim-Ilimma I the king of Halab, now Aleppo, who would have been deposed by the new regional master, Barattarna, king of Mitanni. Idrimi would have succeeded in gaining the throne of Alalakh with the assistance of a group known as the Habiru, founding the kingdom of Mukish as a vassal to the Mitanni state. He also invaded the Hittite territories to the north, resulting in a treaty with the country Kizzuwatna.
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Sumu-Epuh is the first attested king of Yamhad (Halab). He founded the Yamhad dynasty which controlled northern Syria throughout the 17th and 18th centuries BC.
Yarim-Lim II was the king of Yamhad succeeding his father Abba-El I.
Niqmi-Epuh, also given as Niqmepa was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding his father Yarim-Lim II
Yarim-Lim III was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Hammurabi II.
Hammurabi II was an obscure king of Yamhad (Halab), probably reigning after Irkabtum.
Sarra-El also written Šarran was a prince of Yamhad who might have regained the throne after the assassination of the Hittite king Mursili I.
Abba-El II was the king of Halab who reigned after the withdrawal of the Hittites.
Hammurabi III was the king of Yamhad (Halab) succeeding Yarim-Lim III.
Urshu, Warsuwa or Urshum was a Hurrian-Amorite city-state in southern Turkey, probably located on the west bank of the Euphrates, and north of Carchemish.
Hassum was a Hurrian city-state, located in southern Turkey most probably on the Euphrates river north of Carchemish.
The Yamhad dynasty was an ancient Amorite royal family founded in c. 1810 BC by Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad who had his capital in the city of Aleppo. Started as a local dynasty, the family expanded its influence through the actions of its energetic ruler Yarim-Lim I who turned it into the most influential family in the Levant through both diplomatic and military tools. At its height the dynasty controlled most of northern Syria and the modern Turkish province of Hatay with a cadet branch ruling in the city of Alalakh.
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Citations
- ↑ Moyra Caldecott (January 2003). Tutankhamun and the Daughter of Ra. p. 260. ISBN 9781899142880.
- ↑ Michael C. Astour. Hittite History and Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age. p. 92.
- ↑ Michael C. Astour (1989). Hittite history and absolute chronology of the Bronze Age. p. 19. ISBN 9789186098865.
- ↑ Michael C. Astour. Orientalia: Vol. 38. p. 382.
- ↑ Horst Klengel (20 March 1992). Syria, 3000 to 300 B.C.: a handbook of political history. p. 87. ISBN 9783050018201.
- ↑ Masamichi Yamada (1996). Essays on Ancient Anatolia and Syria in the Second and Third Millennium B.C. p. 304. ISBN 9783447037594.
- ↑ Sidney Smith (1949). The Statue of Idri-Mi. p. 60.
- ↑ Trevor Bryce (1999). The Kingdom of the Hittites. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-19-924010-4.
- ↑ Michael C. Astour. Hittite History and Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age. p. 92.
- ↑ Columbia University, Ancient Near Eastern Society (1974). Journal, Volumes 6-9. p. 67.
- ↑ Horst Klengel (20 March 1992). Syria, 3000 to 300 B.C.: a handbook of political history. p. 88. ISBN 9783050018201.
- ↑ Trevor Bryce (5 March 2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-100293-9.
- ↑ Trevor Bryce (5 March 2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-100293-9.
- ↑ Neil Zimmerer (August 2003). The Chronology of Genesis: A Complete History of the Nefilim. p. 57. ISBN 9781931882224.
- ↑ Michael C. Astour. Orientalia: Vol. 38. p. 384.