Harold P. Freeman

Last updated
Harold P. Freeman
Alma mater
Employer
Awards

Harold P. Freeman (born March 2, 1933) is an American physicist. He is an authority on race, poverty and cancer. [1] In his work in Harlem, Freeman identified the impact of poverty and cultural barriers on rates of cancer incidence and cancer-related death, in economically disadvantaged and under-served communities. [1] He also pioneered patient navigation (or nurse navigation) in the field of breast cancer. In navigation programs, trained personnel work with patients to identify and overcome barriers to their obtaining timely treatment as they move through the medical system. [1] [2]

Contents

Freeman is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons and a member of the National Academy of Science's Institute of Medicine. He served as President of the American Cancer Society from 1988-1989, leading the society's initiative on Cancer in the Poor. [1] [3] Freeman has argued for the involvement of scientists in policy formation. His work has led to the passage of the Patient Navigator Outreach and Chronic Disease Prevention Act (H.R. 1812) of 2005, [4] and to the creation of billing codes for patient navigation services in Medicare and Medicaid Services as of 2024. [5]

Early life and education

Harold Paul Freeman [6] was born on March 2, 1933, in Washington, D.C. [7] to Clyde and Lucille Thomas Freeman. [8] [9] The family name "Freeman" was chosen by his great-great-grandfather who bought himself free from slavery on a North Carolina plantation. [8] The Freeman family has a history of educational achievement in medical fields. Harold Freeman's great-granduncle, Robert Tanner Freeman, was the first African-American dentist in the United States, graduating from Harvard in 1869. [10] [1] His grandfather, Henry W. Freeman, graduated from Howard University Medical School in 1898 and became doctor in Washington, D.C. [1] [8] [11]

Harold's father, Clyde Freeman, took night classes to put himself through law school. His mother Lucille was a teacher. Clyde died of testicular cancer when Harold was only 13 years of age. [12] [13] Despite this, Harold completed his high school education at Dunbar High School, then an academically elite but segregated institution in Washington, D.C. [12]

Freedman' parents had met on a tennis court. Coached by their mother Lucille, Harold and his older brothers Thomas and Clyde all became national boys tennis champions. Harold was boys' champion in 1948, at age 15. [14] [15] Harold and Clyde won the national tennis doubles championship on the adult African American tennis circuit [11] in 1955. [16] Harold also played in the U.S. Open in subsequent years. [17]

Freeman won an academic scholarship to Catholic University of America [8] where "Hal" Freeman is listed as playing both tennis and basketball. [18] He was chosen as team captain of both in his senior year. [11] Freeman graduated from Catholic University in the class of 1954, [19] with the Harris Award for Outstanding Scholar, Gentleman, and Athlete. [18] In 1978, he was received a Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award from Catholic University. [6] In 1992, he was inducted into the university's Athletes Hall of Fame. [19]

He went on to study medicine at Howard University Medical School in Washington, D.C., also a historically Black school. There Freeman studied with Burke Syphax and was inspired by LaSalle D. Leffall Jr. and Jack E. White. Freeman received his medical degree in 1958, [12] completing both his internship and residency at Howard. [1] [11] The school awarded him the Daniel Hale Williams Award for Outstanding Achievements as Chief Resident. [20]

In 1964, Freeman accepted an advanced residency position at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) [9] where he worked with Arthur Holleb. [15] From 1966 to 1968, he was Senior Resident in Cancer Surgery at MSK. [1] [12]

Career

External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Harold Freeman, C-SPAN Network

In 1967, Freeman joined Harlem Hospital Center. The patients he saw there were overwhelmingly poor and black, and most of his cancer patients had advanced stage cancers. He began to investigate the incidence and treatment of cancer in African Americans. [1] [21] By 1974, he had opened a free clinic, held on Saturdays, to improve accessibility for patients. This later officially become part of the hospital system. [12] Freeman served as professor of clinical surgery at Harlem Hospital from 1974 to 1999. [22]

In 1977, at hearings convened by New York City governor Hugh Carey, Freeman criticized the American Cancer Society for their lack of involvement in areas like Harlem. The board of directors of the American Cancer Society responded by inviting Freeman to become a director at large in 1978. [23] He succeeded LaSalle D. Leffall as chairman of the ACS committee dealing with Cancer in Minorities. [12]

In 1979, the American Cancer Society (ACS) gave Freeman a grant to establish screening centers for breast and cervical cancer in Harlem. [9] [1] He established the Breast Examination Center of Harlem, becoming its Medical Director. [24] His publication Cancer in the Economically Disadvantaged (1989) is considered a "landmark report", connecting poverty and mortality. [7] [25] In Excess Mortality in Harlem (1990), Freeman and Colin McCord documented the lower lifespan of African American males in Harlem, which was less than that of males in Bangladesh. [1] [26] Mortality rates for men and women in some age categories were up to six times those of white men and women of similar age nationally. [27]

As President of the American Cancer Society (1988-1989), Freeman held nation-wide hearings that examined economic, educational and socio-cultural factors and their effects on access to care, explaining the higher incidence and mortality of cancer to be found in under-served populations in terms of interlinking conditions of poverty, social injustice, and culture. [12] In 1990, the ACS established the Harold P. Freeman Service Award to recognize those working with underserved communities at risk for cancer. [1] [9]

Freeman pioneered the concept of patient navigation (also known as nurse navigation), in which trained individuals work consistently with patients and their families throughout their experience of the medical system. Patient navigators work to identify and overcome barriers to timely treatment, to ensure that patients are able to get the full continuum of care that is needed. [2] Barriers include financial issues, lack of insurance, difficulty in getting time off from work, access to transportation and child-care, difficulties in language and communication, fear, distress, and the complex and often disconnected nature of the healthcare system itself. [28] [29] [30] In 1990, the ACS funded Freeman's pilot program for patient navigation in Harlem Hospital. [31] [28]

"Navigation as a profession began in breast cancer with the work of Harold P. Freeman, MD. Dr Freeman worked to identify and remove barriers to care for a community of women in need of breast cancer screening. The idea of 'navigating' patients around those barriers in hope of impacting and improving patient outcomes resonated with the oncology community, and the term 'patient navigation' was born." - Lillie Shockney, 2018

Freeman became a professor of clinical surgery at Columbia University College for Physicians and Surgeons as of 1989. [1] He was President and CEO of New York's North General Hospital from 1999 to 2001. [24]

Freeman served as chairman of the United States President's Cancer Panel from 1991 to 2000. [32] [33] He was first appointed by President George H. W. Bush and reappointed three times by President Bill Clinton. [34] [35] [8] President George W. Bush signed the Patient Navigator Outreach and Chronic Disease Prevention Act (H.R. 1812) into law on June 29, 2005. The initiative was based on Freeman's success with the patient navigator program in Harlem. [4] [36] [28]

Freeman served as an Associate Director of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). From 2000 to 2005, Freeman served as the founding Director of the Center for Reducing Cancer Health Disparities, [1] [37] which replaced the NCI Office of Special Populations Research. Freeman emphasized the need to advocate for policy changes based on research, in addition to the organization's work in education and communication. [38]

“We believe that we need to have the ability to raise reasonable questions that we believe should be answered, and which have the potential of calling in the best minds in the world to help us to come to some answers,” Harold Freeman, 2000 [38]

As of 2003, Freeman became founding president and medical director of the Ralph Lauren Center for Cancer Care and Prevention in Harlem. [39] He continues to be chairman emeritus of the organization. [40]

As of June 2007, with funding from the Amgen Foundation, the Harold P. Freeman Patient Navigation Institute was established in New York City. [41] Freeman was its founder, president, and CEO. [42] The Harold P. Freeman Patient Navigation Institute runs training programs in patient navigation for nurses and others. In addition to cancer, the program has been applied to the management of infectious diseases and chronic conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and mental health. Patient navigation has been included in the accreditation standards of the American College of Surgeons for hospital cancer programs. [8]

As of 2024, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services created billing codes to enable health care providers to fill for “patient navigation” services, under President Joe Biden’s Cancer Moonshot initiative. [5]

Awards and honors

Selected publications

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MD Anderson Cancer Center</span> Hospital in Texas, United States of America

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is a comprehensive cancer center in Houston, Texas. It is the largest cancer center in the world and one of the original three NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers in the country. It is both a degree-granting academic institution and a cancer treatment and research center located within Texas Medical Center (TMC), Houston, the largest medical center and life sciences destination in the world. MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked #1 among the best hospitals for cancer care and research in the U.S. and worldwide, and it has held the #1 position 20 times in the last 23 years in U.S. News & World Report's Best Hospitals rankings for cancer care. As of 2023, MD Anderson Cancer Center is home to the highest number of cancer clinical trials in the world and has received more NCI-funded projects than any other U.S. institute. In 2024, Newsweek placed MD Anderson at #1 in their annual list of the World's Best Specialized Hospitals in oncology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center</span> Hospital in New York, United States

Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center is a cancer research and treatment center located in Buffalo, New York. Founded by surgeon Roswell Park in 1898, the center was the first in the United States to specifically focus on cancer research. The center is usually called Roswell Park in short. The center, which conducts clinical research on cancer as well as the development new drugs, provides advanced treatment for all forms of adult and pediatric cancer, and serves as a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center is as of 2019, the only upstate New York facility to hold the National Cancer Institute designation of "comprehensive cancer center".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Queen's Medical Center</span> Hospital in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi

The Queen's Medical Center, originally named and still commonly referred to as Queen's Hospital, is the largest private non-profit hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii. The institution was founded in 1859 by Queen Emma and King Kamehameha IV, and is located in Downtown Honolulu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adventist HealthCare Shady Grove Medical Center</span> Hospital in Maryland USA, founded 1979

Adventist HealthCare Shady Grove Medical Center is a 266-licensed bed acute care facility located in Rockville, Maryland. Shady Grove Medical Center provides a range of health services to the community such as high-risk obstetrical care, cardiac and vascular care, oncology services, orthopedic care, surgical services and pediatric care. Opened in 1979 as Shady Grove Adventist Hospital, Shady Grove Medical Center operates as part of Adventist HealthCare, a health-care delivery system that includes hospitals, home health agencies and other health-care services. Adventist HealthCare is headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose Medical Center</span> Hospital in Colorado, United States

Rose Medical Center is a part of HCA Healthcare's HealthONE network. It is colloquially known as Denver's "Baby Hospital," but also provides comprehensive women's care, orthopedics and total joint replacement, heart and vascular care, weight-loss treatment, cancer care, surgical services, internal medicine and emergency care. An acute care hospital with 422 licensed beds, Rose cares for more than 160,000 patients annually with a team of 1,300 full-time employees, 100 volunteers and more than 1,200 physicians. The medical center is a Level IV trauma center. Casey Guber is the President and chief executive officer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rural health</span> Interdisciplinary study of health and health care delivery in rural environments

In medicine, rural health or rural medicine is the interdisciplinary study of health and health care delivery in rural environments. The concept of rural health incorporates many fields, including wilderness medicine, geography, midwifery, nursing, sociology, economics, and telehealth or telemedicine.

The "war on cancer" is the effort to find a cure for cancer by increased research to improve the understanding of cancer biology and the development of more effective cancer treatments, such as targeted drug therapies. The aim of such efforts is to eradicate cancer as a major cause of death. The signing of the National Cancer Act of 1971 by United States president Richard Nixon is generally viewed as the beginning of this effort, though it was not described as a "war" in the legislation itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">King Hussein Cancer Foundation and Center</span> Hospital in Amman, Jordan

The King Hussein Cancer Foundation (KHCF) and Center (KHCC) ,an independent Jordanian non-governmental, non-profit institution. It was established in 2001 by a royal decree issued and is led by Princess Ghida Talal. The foundation's mission is to combat cancer through awareness, prevention, and early detection programs, providing comprehensive care for cancer patients from Jordan and the Arab world, in addition to promoting research and innovation.

The Barber Shop Quartet in New York City's Harlem neighborhood was founded in 2007 as an outreach program of the Men's Ministry at Abyssinian Baptist Church. The Barber Shop Quartet provides free men's health screenings for hypertension, diabetes, prostate cancer and colon cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adventist HealthCare White Oak Medical Center</span> Hospital in Maryland, United States

Adventist HealthCare White Oak Medical Center is a hospital with 180 private patient rooms and serves patients in Montgomery, Prince George's, and surrounding counties.

Naoto T Ueno was a Professor of Medicine at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; his research is in the area of inflammatory breast cancer and the molecular mechanism of metastasis and tumorigenicity. Ueno was also a visiting professor with the Keio University.

Eric P. Winer is a medical oncologist and clinical researcher specializing in breast cancer. He is director of Yale Cancer Center and president and physician-in-chief of Smilow Cancer Hospital Yale New Haven Health System, effective February 1, 2022. He also is Deputy Dean for Cancer Research at Yale School of Medicine. From 1997 to 2021, he was the Chief of the Breast Oncology Program at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts. Beginning in 2013, he held a range of institutional roles at Dana-Farber, including Chief of Clinical Development, the Thompson Chair in Breast Cancer Research and Director of the Dana-Farber/Harvard SPORE in Breast Cancer. He also served as a Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. He was president of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2022-2023 and became Chair of the Board in mid-June 2023. His career has been focused on breast cancer treatment and research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandra M. Swain</span> American oncologist

Sandra M. Swain is an American oncologist, breast cancer specialist and clinical translational researcher. She is currently a professor of Medicine at the Georgetown University School of Medicine and the Associate Dean for Research Development at Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC) and MedStar Health as well as an adjunct professor of Medicine at the F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine of the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences. She is also a past President of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), serving from 2012 through 2013.

Vassar Brothers Medical Center (VBMC) (formerly Vassar Brothers Hospital) is a 350-bed not-for-profit hospital overlooking the Hudson River in Poughkeepsie, New York. It is part of the Nuvance Health healthcare network and is the major medical center in Dutchess County, New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gynecologic cancer disparities in the United States</span>

Gynecologic cancer disparities in the United States refer to differences in incidence, prevalence, and mortality from gynecologic cancers between population groups. The five main types of gynecologic cancer include cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. For patients with these and other gynecologic malignancies within the United States, disparities across the care continuum by socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic background have been previously identified and studied. The causes behind these disparities are multifaceted and a complex interplay of systemic differences in health as well as individual patient factors such as cultural, educational, and economic barriers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edith Mitchell</span> American oncologist and USAF officer

Edith Peterson Mitchell (1947-2024) was a retired Brigadier general of the United States Air Force and an oncologist. She was clinical professor of medicine and medical oncology at Thomas Jefferson University. In 2015, she became the president of the National Medical Association.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katrina Armstrong</span> American internist

Katrina Alison Armstrong is an American internist and academic administrator. She is the chief executive officer of the Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Dean of the Faculties of Health Sciences and the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, as well as the current interim president of Columbia University. Armstrong is the first woman to lead Columbia's medical school and medical center. She was the first woman to hold the position of Physician-in-Chief at Massachusetts General Hospital and was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2013 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2020. On August 14, 2024, Armstrong became Columbia University's interim president, immediately after President Minouche Shafik resigned on that same day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Worta McCaskill-Stevens</span> American physician-scientist (1949–2023)

Worta J. McCaskill-Stevens was an American physician-scientist and medical oncologist specialized in cancer disparities research, management of comorbidities within clinical trials, and molecular research for cancer prevention interventions. She was chief of the community oncology and prevention trials research group at the National Cancer Institute.

Dawn Luryn Hershman is an American oncologist. Since 2020, she has served as the American Cancer Society Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology at Columbia University.

Lillie D. Shockney, RN, BS, MAS, is the University Distinguished Service Professor of Breast Cancer and Professor of Surgery and Oncology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. A two-time survivor of breast cancer, Shockney works both as a nurse navigator supporting patients and as a medical advisor and administrator developing programs for improving patient quality of life, in particular for those with metastatic breast cancer. Shockney has published at least 20 books and 350 articles dealing with cancer and patient care. She has been the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Oncology Navigation & Survivorship (2012-2023).

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "American Journal of Health Promotion presents the recipient of the 2004 Robert F. Allen Symbol of H.O.P.E. Award. Harold P. Freeman, MD". American Journal of Health Promotion. 18 (6): v. 2004-07-01. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-18.6.V. PMID   15293925.
  2. 1 2 Shockney, Lillie (2018). "Breast Cancer Awareness Month: Honoring Navigation". Journal of Oncology Navigation & Survivorship. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  3. ↑ "Genes & Justice: Biographies". WE ACT for Environmental Justice.
  4. 1 2 Bennett, Charles L.; Calhoun, Elizabeth A. (2007-04-01). "$25 Million Patient Navigation Program Aims to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities in Targeted Communities". Oncology NEWS International. 16 (4).
  5. 1 2 "CMS starts paying for patient navigation; ACS offers navigation credentialing program". The Cancer Letter. 2024-01-05. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  6. 1 2 "Distinguished Alumni Achievement Awardees | Catholic University Advancement". engage.catholic.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  7. 1 2 "Dr. Harold Freeman". The History Makers. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "This Giant of Cancer Care Made Bridging the Fairness Gap His Lifelong Quest". Oncology Live. Vol. 17, no. 7. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Piana, Ronald (June 3, 2022). "From the Segregated Tennis Courts of Washington, DC, to a Leadership Role in Surgical Oncology". ascopost.com. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  10. ↑ "Portrait of Dr. Freeman Honors HSDM's First African American Graduate". hsdm.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Freeman, Harold P. 1933– | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Harold Freeman, father of patient navigation, on cutting the cancer out of Harlem". Cancer History Project. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  13. ↑ Wadler, Joyce (1999-07-01). "PUBLIC LIVES; A Cancer Fighter Keeps Fighting Injustice". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  14. ↑ "Breaking Barriers : The Freeman Family of Washington, D.C., ca. 1955". International Tennis Hall of Fame.
  15. 1 2 "Finding Aid to The HistoryMakers ® Video Oral History with Dr. Harold Freeman" (PDF). The HistoryMakers.
  16. ↑ Walker, Rhiannon (2017-08-04). "Althea Gibson, Arthur Ashe highlight a century of ATA champions". Andscape. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  17. ↑ "Tennis Abstract: Harold Freeman Match Results, Splits, and Analysis". www.tennisabstract.com. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  18. 1 2 "Inventory of The Catholic University of America Photograph Collection". The Catholic University of America.
  19. 1 2 "Hall of fame". Catholic University of America. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  20. ↑ "2010 Honorees". The Hope Funds for Cancer Research. 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  21. ↑ "Our History". Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  22. ↑ Giving, Mass General (2011-01-01). "The one hundred honoree: Harold P. Freeman, MD". Massachusetts General Hospital Giving. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  23. ↑ Fleming, Irvin D.; Eyre, Harmon J.; Pogue, Jan (2010). The American Cancer Society: a history of saving lives. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society. pp. 68–70. ISBN   9780944235911.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "GNYHA Foundation: 2004 Winner: Harold P. Freeman, M.D." Greater New York Hospital Association Foundation.
  25. ↑ Kiernan, Stephen P. (2010). Authentic Patriotism Restoring America's Founding Ideals Through Selfless Action. St. Martin's Press (Macmillan US Trade). ISBN   9781882926909.
  26. ↑ "Harlem men die at rate above Bangladesh's". Washington Post. 2024-03-02. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  27. ↑ Geronimus, AT; Bound, J; Colen, CG (April 2011). "Excess black mortality in the United States and in selected black and white high-poverty areas, 1980-2000". American Journal of Public Health. 101 (4): 720–9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.195537. PMC   3052342 . PMID   21389293.
  28. 1 2 3 Goodman, Alice (2015). "The Birth of Patient Navigation". Journal of Oncology Navigation & Survivorship. 6 (3).
  29. ↑ National Academies of Sciences and Engineering (2018-05-24), "Proceedings of a Workshop", Establishing Effective Patient Navigation Programs in Oncology: Proceedings of a Workshop, National Academies Press (US), retrieved 2024-05-21
  30. ↑ Gilinsky, Rhoda M. (1987-10-25). "CANCER'S TOLL ON POOR STRESSED". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  31. ↑ Knudsen, Karen E.; Wiatrek, Dawn E.; Greenwald, Jennifer; McComb, Kristie; Sharpe, Katherine (2022). "The American Cancer Society and patient navigation: Past and future perspectives". Cancer. 128 (S13): 2673–2677. doi:10.1002/cncr.34206. ISSN   0008-543X.
  32. ↑ "Health Disparities in Cancer Part 1: The meaning of "Race" in Science - President's Cancer Panel". President's Cancer Panel.
  33. ↑ President's Cancer Panel Meeting (PDF). Boston, Massachusetts. July 19, 1999.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ↑ "Dr. Harold Freeman and Dr. Lovell Jones on Living Your Best Life with Genma Holmes | Genma Speaks". Genma Speaks. 14 July 2012.
  35. ↑ "Appointment for the President's Cancer Panel | The American Presidency Project". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  36. ↑ Lindsey, Heather (2005-11-25). "New National Patient Navigation Program Aims to Improve Outcomes". Oncology Times. 27 (22): 12–15. doi:10.1097/01.COT.0000291156.92885.87. ISSN   0276-2234.
  37. ↑ "Harold Freeman To Direct NCI Center To Reduce Cancer Health Disparities" (PDF). The Cancer Letter. Vol. 26, no. 33. September 15, 2000.
  38. 1 2 "NCI Health Disparities Center Will Attempt To Influence Policy, Harold Freeman Says". Cancer History Project. November 3, 2000.
  39. ↑ "The MSK Ralph Lauren Center Celebrates 20 Years | MSK Giving". giving.mskcc.org. 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  40. ↑ "Ralph Lauren Corporate Foundation Announces $25 Million Commitment to Five Cancer Centers Across America With Goal of Reducing Disparities in Cancer Care in Underserved Communities". Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center. 2022-05-11. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  41. ↑ "Harold P. Freeman Patient Navigation Institute Completes First Trainings and Certifications". Fierce Healthcare. Apr 24, 2008.
  42. 1 2 Stabile, Nicholas C. (2017-10-05). "Dr. Harold P. Freeman to Receive Cura Personalis Award". Georgetown University Medical Center. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  43. ↑ "For Immediate Release December 17, 1997". clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov.
  44. ↑ Hofschneider, Mark. "Addressing social determinants of diseases". Lasker Foundation. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  45. ↑ "Lasker Awards". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  46. ↑ "Awards, Appointments, Announcements". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 93 (1): 15. 2001-01-03. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.1.15. ISSN   0027-8874.
  47. ↑ "All Award Recipients". ASCO. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  48. ↑ Berberabe, Tony (2015-05-29). "3rd Annual Giants of Cancer Care Class Brings Together Diverse Honorees". Oncology Live. 2015. 16 (6).
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.